Biomolecule-controlled hydrothermal synthesis of C–N–S-tridoped TiO 2 nanocrystalline photocatalysts for NO removal under simulated solar light irradiation

Abstract

In this study, C–N–S-tridoped titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanocrystals were synthesized by using a facile hydrothermal method in the presence of a biomolecule l-cysteine. This biomolecule could not only serve as the common source for the carbon, sulfur and nitrogen tridoping, but also could control the final crystal phases and morphology. The resulting materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nitrogen adsorption and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. XPS analysis revealed that S was incorporated into the lattice of TiO 2 through substituting oxygen atoms, N might coexist in the forms of N–Ti–O and Ti–O–N in tridoped TiO 2 and most C could form a mixed layer of carbonate species deposited on the surface of TiO 2 nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activities of the samples were tested on the removal of NO at typical indoor air level in a flow system under simulated solar light irradiation. The tridoped TiO 2 samples showed much higher removal efficiency than commercial P25 and the undoped counterpart photocatalyst. The enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity of C–N–S-tridoped TiO 2 nanocrystals was explained on the basis of characterizations. The possible formation process of the monodispersed C–N–S-tridoped anatase TiO 2 nanocrystals was also proposed. This study provides a new method to prepare visible light active TiO 2 photocatalyst.