Abstract
This article is aimed at analyzing the structure and function of the spike (S) proteins of porcine enteric coronaviruses, including transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) by applying bioinformatics methods. The physical and chemical properties, hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, transmembrane region, signal peptide, phosphorylation and glycosylation sites, epitope, functional domains, and motifs of S proteins of porcine enteric coronaviruses were predicted and analyzed through online software. The results showed that S proteins of TGEV, PEDV, SADS-CoV, and PDCoV all contained transmembrane regions and signal peptide. TGEV S protein contained 139 phosphorylation sites, 24 glycosylation sites, and 53 epitopes. PEDV S protein had 143 phosphorylation sites, 22 glycosylation sites, and 51 epitopes. SADS-CoV S protein had 109 phosphorylation sites, 20 glycosylation sites, and 43 epitopes. PDCoV S protein had 124 phosphorylation sites, 18 glycosylation sites, and 52 epitopes. Moreover, TGEV, PEDV, and PDCoV S proteins all contained two functional domains and two motifs, spike_rec_binding and corona_S2. The corona_S2 consisted of S2 subunit heptad repeat 1 (HR1) and S2 subunit heptad repeat 2 (HR2) region profiles. Additionally, SADS-CoV S protein was predicted to contain only one functional domain, the corona_S2. This analysis of the biological functions of porcine enteric coronavirus spike proteins can provide a theoretical basis for the design of antiviral drugs.
Highlights
The pathogenic coronaviruses including porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) have been found to be able to infect the intestinal tract of pigs [1]
TGEV, PEDV, and SADS-CoV are members of the α genus, while PDCoV belongs to the δ genus [2, 3]
The results showed that the probability of amino acid 1 to1387 of TGEV H16 S protein was indicated with a purple line
Summary
The pathogenic coronaviruses including porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) have been found to be able to infect the intestinal tract of pigs [1]. Porcine intestinal diseases caused by these viruses are widespread in the world, causing serious losses to the pig industry. These four viruses are collectively referred to as porcine enteric coronaviruses. Porcine enteric coronaviruses belong to the enveloped single-stranded and positive-sense RNA viruses of the order Nidovirales, Coronaviridae, and Coronavirus subfamily. The genomes of coronaviruses contain four structural proteins: nucleocapsid (N), spike (S), envelope (E), and membrane (M). It can bind to host cell receptors and mediate the invasion of viruses into susceptible cells and determine the tissue tropism and host range of the virus [6]
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