Biochemical parameters in the blood of grass snakes (Natrix natrix) in ecosystems under varying degrees of anthropogenic influence

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the levels of triglycerides, cholesterol metabolism, a number of biochemical plasma parameters, and the elastic properties of the arterial wall in the late period in victims with severe mechanical injury (SMI) and impaired hemodynamics. Material and methods. The investigation included 13 persons who had experienced SMI and blood loss with impaired hemodynamics. This involved three stages: 1) at the end of the first day; 2) on days 15—30 following injury; 3) 1—5 years after SMI. The concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase were determined. Very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterols were calculated by the Friedwald formula. An oscillometric analyzer (APKO-8-RITs) was used to record central hemodynamic parameters and vascular elastic properties. Results. There was a decrease in cholesterol levels and an increase in AST and ALT activities at the end of the first day. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was in the normal range. There was a reduction in AST and ALT on days 15—30 after injury. Enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity was observed at the same time. There was a considerable decrease in HDL cholesterol with the normal level of LDL cholesterol. The level of total cholesterol was in the normal range. The activities of AST and ALT were in the normal range at Stage 3 following 1—5 years after injury. At the same time, the activity of alkaline phosphatase remained increased. The content of HDL cholesterol having antiatherogenic properties remained lower although this parameter tended to become normal: there was an average increase by 33.9%. There was a decrease in arterial wall compliance and an increase in the speed of pulse wave propagation in the group of the examinees. Conclusion. The change in biochemical parameters in victims in the late period after SMI suggests that there is a gradual tendency for the parameters of lipid metabolism to normalize. The results of a study of the elastic properties of the arterial wall are indicative of increased vascular rigidity in the victims in the late period after SMI along with hemodynamic disorders.

Investigating the impact of vascular blockage on blood biochemical parameters, particularly in the context of acute heart failure, is crucial for understanding the underlying mechanisms of arterial thromboembolism in animals. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of vascular occlusion on the biochemical parameters of blood in cats with cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism. The study involved 12 cats and formed two groups: the first – animals with acute heart failure and the second – animals with arterial thromboembolism. Anamnesis data were collected for experimental animals, clinical examination, echocardiography, and biochemical examination of blood samples were performed. The activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, the concentration of glucose, creatinine, urea, potassium, calcium, total and inorganic phosphorus were determined spectrophotometrically in blood serum. It was found that in cats with acute heart failure, the average value of serum aspartate aminotransferase activity increased by 2.8 times, and the creatinine concentration by 1.9 times compared to the upper limit of reference values. This indicates functional changes in the myocardium and kidneys in this pathology. In cats affected by arterial thromboembolism, the blood serum shows a significant elevation in various biochemical parameters compared to the upper limit of the corresponding reference intervals. Specifically, there is a 4.4-fold increase in alanine aminotransferase activity, a 4.3-fold increase in aspartate aminotransferase activity, a 1.4- fold increase in glucose concentration, a 1.8-fold increase in creatinine levels, a 2.0-fold increase in urea levels, and a 1.3-fold increase in inorganic phosphorus levels. The changes in biochemical parameters for feline thromboembolism may be a consequence of functional renal failure, ischemia, and muscle necrosis. Moreover, it was established that in most cats with acute heart failure, the urinary system is primarily affected, and with arterial thromboembolism, changes in muscle tissue also occur. The results obtained are of practical value for veterinary doctors when choosing a therapeutic strategy and prescribing additional diagnostic examinations

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the general anesthesia on same biochemical changes in donkeys. The anesthesia was induced by intravenous (IV) injection of romifidine 0.1 mg/kg as a premedication, after 5 minutes induction of general anesthesia by (IV) of mixture midazolam 0.1 mg/kg and ketamine hydrochloride 2.2 mg/kg in the same syringe. The maintenance of anesthesia was performed by (IV) infusion of a mixture of the midazolam 0.065 mg/kg/hr. and ketamine 6.6 mg/kg/hr. The biochemical parameters changes in serum levels of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity as liver enzymes and serum glucose were estimated in zero, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 480 minutes. The results revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in the means of AST (U/L) between zero 199.6 with 30 min 192.5 and 60 min 191.5. No significant differences (P>0.05) in mean enzyme activity of the ALT and ALP. Serum glucose results were shown no significant differences (P>0.05) in the (control, 15, 30 minutes) and (60,120 and 240) respectively and significant differences in between and within 480 minutes. The general anesthesia in this protocol was good and had little effect on the liver function and showed increase in serum blood glucose in donkeys.

Effects of dimethoate alone and in combination with Bacilar fertilizer on oxidative stress in common carp, Cyprinus carpio

In this study, potential effects of Pirimicarb and lead (Pb) were investigated on biochemical parameters in tissues of freshwater snails, Galba truncatula . During an 8-day experiment, snails were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of Pirimicarb (0.5 and 1 mg/L) and/or lead acetate (0.1 and 0.2 mg/L). Biochemical analyses of tissues to Photometric method in snails indicate that snails treated with Pirimicarb, Pb, or both Pirimicarb and Pb increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) and decreased gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels, compared to the control group. Alanine transferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were increased in combined treatments of Pirimicarb and Pb. Total antioxidant (TAO) level increased in snails exposed to both Pirimicarb and Pb, while it decreased in snails treated with either Pb or Pirimicarb. Cholesterol level increased in most experimental groups. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was showed no significant changes in groups treated with 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L of Pb compared to the control; however, AST enhanced in other treatments. In groups exposed to 0.5 and 1 mg/L of Pirimicarb, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was not significant, although a significant reduction was found in AChE level in other treatments. The results indicated that cytotoxicity of Pirimicarb alone and in combination with Pb depended on their concentrations. Higher concentrations of Pb induced significant changes in some biochemical parameters. Moreover, increased Pb level in water intensifies toxic effects of Pirimicarb in snails. Pirimicarb or/and Pb, in sub-lethal concentrations, induced oxidative damages in soft tissue of snails. Finally, these data support the hypothesis that changes in biochemical parameters were induced by exposure to Pirimicarb or/and Pb.

Abstract. Haematological and biochemical parameters were examined in the blood of 87 cows, bulls and oxen of the indigenous Croatian breed, Istrian cattle. The sample represents 11.93 % of the total adult population. This breed is classified as highly endangered. The age of tested animals was between 2 and 17 years. Cattle were divided into three groups, animals aged 2 to 6 years (n=19), 7 to 10 years (n=37), and older than 10 years (n=31). Animals were kept in the area of Istria County, mostly in stables though occasionally at pasture. The cows were milked twice daily and gave an average of 1 000 litres of milk per year. Erythrocytes, leukocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit and mean corpuscular volume were determined. Differential analysis was performed by counting blood cells in the blood smear after Pappenheim staining. Biochemical parameters such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, calcium and inorganic phosphorus were determined. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase was determined by spectrophotometry. These biochemical and haematological parameters of this Istrian breed were within the physiological range, while slight deviations were observed for certain parameters. The greatest deviation from the physiological range was shown in the concentrations of urea and creatinine. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the metabolic profile and haematological indicators for estimating the physiological status of these endangered cattle in Istria, for further investigation and for diagnostic purposes.

Background : Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the re-emerging diseases often associated with poverty and HIV/AIDS especially in sub saharan Africa. Hypercalcaemia is known to be associated with chronic granulomatous diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis and lymphoma. Reports of changes in biochemical parameters in patients with TB have been reported elsewhere. Aim : This study was aimed at assessing changes in some biochemical parameters in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Subjects and Methods : Fifty seven TB patients confirmed by culture and/or sputum smear were recruited consecutively over a period of twenty months. Serum calcium, inorganic phosphate, transaminases, proteins, urea, electrolytes and creatinine were assayed using Express plus chemistry autoanalyzer and fp 20 flame photometer. 50 male and 7 female subjects were recruited from among staff and students of the hospital as controls. Results : The mean corrected calcium level was 2.54±0.02mmol/l,albumin 24.0±1.27g/L, aspartate aminotransferase 47.6+3.0U/l, alanine aminotransferase 26±1.6Ul, sodium 135±0.8 mmol/l and bicarbonate 20±0.82mmol/l. Statistically significant difference (p Conclusion : Hypercalcaemia was observed in 26% of patients. After Calcium concentration was corrected for albumin. Hypoalbuminaemia and hyponatraemia were also observed in this study. Highland Medical Research Journal Vol. 4(1) 2006: 15-21

Background Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs) are widely used in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Plasmodium falciparum infection is often accompanied by disturbances of hematological and biochemical parameters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in biochemical and hematological parameters during uncomplicated malaria in patients treated with ACTs. Methods Data from patient with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were pooled from different open-randomized trial evaluating the efficacy of Artesunate-Mefloquine (ASMQ), Artesunate-Amodiaquine (ASAQ), Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL), and Dihydro-artemisinin-Piperaquine (DHAPQ) combinations. Biochemical (transaminases, creatinine, and bilirubin) and hematological (hemoglobin and platelet levels) parameters were performed at baseline (D0) and at day 7 after treatment (D7). Data were analyzed as both continuous and categorical variables with 95% confidence interval. Risks and trends were calculated using multivariate logistic random effect models. Results A total of 720 patients with completed biological data were included in the analysis (320 in the AL arm, 160 in the ASMQ arm, 120 in the DHAPQ arm, and 88 in the ASAQ arm). The mean age of the patients was 9.43 ± 9.1 years. Male subjects represented 58.47% (sex ratio was 1.4 for males). The mean hemoglobin level at inclusion (D0) was 9.79 g/dl and anemia (Hb < 11 g/dl) was 71.43% (aOR = 1.16 [0.68 − 1.98]p = 0.57). At D7, hemoglobin level was 9.63 g/dl and anemia was significantly more frequent (78.29% [p = 0.002]). The mean platelet count at day 0 was 154075.5 platelets/mm3 of blood and 339328.7 platelets/mm3 at day 7. Thrombocytopenia was about 53.61% and was associated with malaria (aOR = 3.4 [2.18 − 5.3]p < 10−3). 19.58% of patients had abnormal ALT and 40.28% had abnormal AST at D0. 27.22% of patients had normal bilirubin at D0. Renal function was normal in all patients in the study. Normalization of transaminases was noted between D0 and D7. The percentage of subjects with normal bilirubin increased between D0 and D7. Renal function did not vary significantly between D0 and D7. Conclusion Results from this analysis showed that subjects with high parasitaemia had a greater risk of anemia and thrombocytopenia. Artemisinin combinations were well-tolerated as no major biological disturbances were noted. The effects of ACTs on hematologic and biochemical parameters were not different.

The research objective was to determine haematological and biochemical parameters in blood of 30 Lacaune dairy sheep during different stages of lactation (early: 60th, medium: 120th and late: 180th days). The sheep were on average 4 years old, in 3rd lactation. Haematological parameters were determined in whole blood (white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (HGB) concentration, haematocrit (HCT) value, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and platelet (PLT) count), and a blood smear was used for determination of differential blood cell count. Determined biochemical parameters in blood serum were: concentration of minerals (Ca, P-inorganic, Mg and Fe), concentration of total proteins (TP), albumin (ALB), globulins (GLOB), urea, glucose (GUK), cholesterol (CHOL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TGC), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), enzyme activities (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total superoxide dismutase (SOD). With progression of lactation stages, sheep blood tests proved significant increase in WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, monocytes, Fe, urea, TP, ALB, CHOL, HDL, LDL, BHB, AST, GGT and ALT as well as a decrease in lymphocytes, Mg, GUK and SOD. Determined changes in haematological and biochemical blood parameters of Lacaune dairy sheep during different lactation stages proved good quality nutrition of sheep and indicate the need to include this dairy breed/genotype in prospective schemes for definition of referential values for these indicators in sheep.

Pregnancy triggers a series of complex interactions within the body, involving both the immune system and metabolic processes. In the case of pregnant cows, these mechanisms are essential for supporting the developing fetus and maintaining the overall health of the mother. The aim of the work was to study the hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters of cows at different periods of pregnancy. Research was conducted on cows (Bos Taurus) of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. Groups were formed based on the principle of analogs. The research was carried out using the methodology of group-period experiments. The control group consisted of non-pregnant cows. The first observation period was conducted on pregnant cows with confirmed pregnancy (30 days). The second observation period was carried out at 90 days of pregnancy, the third at 180 days of gestation, and the fourth at 270 days. Laboratory studies included immunological research conducted in the specialized laboratory of immunology for reproduction animals. The first notable observation was the gradual increase in the population of CD3+ lymphocytes from the beginning of gestation, which remained stable until the 90th day of pregnancy and then gradually decreased. The population of B cell immune cells CD22+ had its peculiarities: dynamic and stable growth from the start of pregnancy until the middle of the second trimester (180 days), followed by a gradual decrease until the onset of labor. The redistribution of T and B lymphocytes occurred with dynamic fluctuations in the number of undifferentiated 0-lymphocytes. The processes of transformation and adaptation of homeostasis affected both enzyme activity and indicators of mineral metabolism. Thus, from the beginning of pregnancy (from the 30th day of gestation), the experimental cows showed a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity (P &lt; 0.05), alanine aminotransferase (P &lt; 0.05), and aspartate aminotransferase activity (P &lt; 0.05). During the pregnancy of cows, body changes occur. From the early period of gestation throughout the entire period of embryogenesis, changes in the system of hematopoiesis, alterations in the activity of enzymes, exchange of Ca and P, accompanied by changes in immunological reactions take place. These processes are adaptive and ensure the maintenance of the homeostasis system. The perspective of further research will aim at studying changes in immunological and biochemical parameters during physiological pregnancy and when it is complicated.

Under contemporary conditions, the study of adaptive processes in living organisms remains highly relevant, particularly in relation to the biochemical blood parameters of cattle kept for extended periods in areas contaminated with radionuclides. This study aimed to determine blood biochemical parameters, analyse characteristic changes, assess their impact on animal health, and evaluate the degree of damage caused by radioactive iodine isotopes. The study examined biochemical parameters – including the activity of amylase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST and ALT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), the concentration of lipid hydroperoxides (LHP), the level of ceruloplasmin, and total plasma protein – using standard biochemical methods. The results revealed a wide range of parameter values; however, no significant differences were observed between the groups of cattle exposed to various doses of ionising radiation (1 Gy to the body, 2 Gy to the gastrointestinal tract, and up to 40 Gy to the thyroid gland) resulting from Chornobyl radioactive fallout, including radioactive iodine affecting the thyroid and those kept in relatively uncontaminated areas exposed to only minimal doses of radiation (within a few mGy). Characteristic changes in biochemical parameters and potential alterations in health status were analysed. It was established that under conditions of high-dose thyroid irradiation (40 Gy to the thyroid gland), powerful adaptive mechanisms are activated in the body. These mechanisms counteract the harmful effects of ionising radiation at the organismal level and help preserve important productive traits such as fertility and productivity. These findings may serve as a basis for developing a system of measures aimed at regulating the adaptive responses of organisms exposed to ecopathogenic factors

The effects of feed restriction on plasma biochemistry in growing meat type chickens (Gallus gallus)

Deleterious effects of chromium (VI) compounds are diversified affecting almost all the organ systems in a wide variety of animals. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of folic acid (FA) in alleviating the toxicity of chromium (VI) on certain biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, and enzyme activities of male New Zealand white rabbits. Six rabbits per group were assigned to one of four treatment groups: 0 mg FA and 0 mg Cr(VI)/kg BW (control); 8.3 μg FA/kg BW; 5 mg Cr(VI)/kg BW; 5 mg Cr(VI) plus 8.3 μg FA/kg BW, respectively. Rabbits were orally administered their respective doses every day for 10 weeks. Results obtained showed that Cr(VI) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the levels of free radicals and the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), and decreased the content of sulfhydryl groups (SH groups) in liver, testes, brain, kidney, and lung. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AlP), acid phosphatase (AcP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly decreased in liver and testes due to Cr(VI) administration. Also, AlP and AcP activities were significantly decreased in kidney and lung. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was significantly decreased in brain and plasma. Contrariwise, the activities of AST and ALT were significantly increased in plasma, while AlP and AcP decreased. Chromium (VI) treatment caused a significant decrease in plasma total protein (TP) and globulin, and increased total lipids (TL), cholesterol, glucose, urea, creatinine, and bilirubin concentrations. Folic acid alone significantly decreased the levels of free radicals in liver, brain, and kidney, and increased the content of SH-group. The activities of AST, ALT, and LDH in liver; AST, ALT, AlP, AcP, and LDH in testes; AcP in kidney; AlP and AcP in lung, and LDH in brain were significantly increased. Plasma TP and albumin were increased, while urea and creatinine were decreased. The presence of FA with Cr(VI) restored the changes in enzyme activities and biochemical parameters. In conclusion, folic acid could be effective in the protection of chromium-induced toxicity.

Drainage of treated wastewater to surface water is a severe threat to the health of aquatic organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 0.5 and 1% water-soluble fractions of crude oil (WSFO), WSFO treated with magnetic nanoparticles of Fe3O4 (TWSFO-Fe3O4) and with the gravity separation method (TWSFO-GSM) on Cirrhinus cirrhosis for 21 days. The rate of erythrocyte hemolysis in fish exposed to untreated 0.5 and 1% WSFO were significantly high. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly increased in the groups exposed to TWSFO-GSM compared to the control group, while lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was reduced. No significant differences in LDH, ALT, ALP, and GGT activities were observed in the fish treated with TWSFO-Fe3O4. The aspartate aminotransferase activity was significantly increased after exposure to TWSFO-Fe3O4 (1%) and TWSFO-GSM. The levels of triglyceride were decreased, whereas glucose, cholesterol, and cholinesterase activity increased in fish after both treatments. The total protein and albumin contents significantly decreased in fish under exposure to both doses of TWSFO-Fe3O4 and TWSFO-GSM. The globulin level decreased in fish exposed to TWSFO-Fe3O4 (1%) and TWSFO-GSM. Glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, and total antioxidant levels were significantly reduced in the hepatocytes of fish exposed to TWSFO-Fe3O4, TWSFO-GSM, and WSFO, while superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde content were increased. This study showed that despite removing oil drips from the WSFO, the xenobiotics present in the effluent treated by gravitational or nano-magnetite methods caused changes in biochemical parameters and induced oxidative stress. Therefore, it is recommended to prevent the discharge of treated effluent from the oil and petrochemical industries to aquatic ecosystems.

In individuals who have diabetes type 2, they are a higher incidence of liver function test abnormalities than individuals who do not have diabetes. The most common liver function tests ( LFTs) include the serum aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, albumin, and prothrombin time. Aminotransferases, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), measure the concentration of intracellular hepatic enzymes that have leaked into the circulation and serve as a marker of hepatocyte injury. The study was done on (55) blood samples which divided in two groups: first group was (40) the patients (diabetic typeII ) (25 females &15 males) and the second was (15) the control group which( 8 females &7 males) , glucose , Urea, Creatinine, Alkaline phosphates ,ALT and AST were measured in these groups. there is no significant difference between females and males in controls and patients, there is significant difference between the controls group and the patients and the correlation between the glucose and biochemical parameters in female patients was glucose levels were positive significant correlated with Creatinine, Alkaline phosphate, ALT and AST, but non- significant with Urea, but In males the correlation between the glucose and all biochemical parameters even Urea. As conclusions there is relationship between the glucose and biochemical parameters above .