Abstract
This paper presents the first, novel, dynamic, resilient, and consistent Blockchain COngestion ContrOL (BCOOL) system for vehicular networks that fills the gap of trustworthy Blockchain congestion prediction systems. BCOOL relies on the heterogeneity of Machine Learning, Software-Defined Networks and Network Function Virtualization that is customized in three hybrid cloud/edge-based On/Offchain smart contract modules and ruled by an efficient and reliable communication protocol. BCOOL’s first novel module aims at managing message and vehicle trustworthiness using a novel, dynamic and hybrid Blockchain Fog-based Distributed Trust Contract Strategy (FDTCS). The second novel module accurately and proactively predicts the occurrence of congestion, ahead of time, using a novel Hybrid On/Off-Chain Multiple Linear Regression Software-defined Contract Strategy (HOMLRCS). This module presents a virtualization facility layer to the third novel K-means/Random Forest-based On/Off-Chain Dynamic Service Function Chaining Contract Strategy (KRF-ODSFCS) that dynamically, securely and proactively predicts VNF placements and their chaining order in the context of SFCs w.r.t users’ dynamic QoS priority demands. BCOOL exhibits a linear complexity and a strong resilience to failures. Simulation results show that BCOOL outperforms the next best comparable strategies by 80% and 100% reliability and efficiency gains in challenging data congestion environments. This yields to fast, reliable and accurate congestion prediction decisions, ahead of time, and optimizes transaction validation processing time. Globally, the Byzantine resilience, complexity and attack mitigation strategies along with simulation results prove that BCOOL securely predicts the congestion and provides real-time monitoring, fast and accurate SFC deployment decisions while lowering both capital and operational expenditures (CAPEX/OPEX) costs.
Highlights
Traffic congestion is unavoidable and is the root cause of road rage and huge delays
We introduce the first novel, flexible, dynamic, resilient, consistent and rich Blockchain COngestion contrOL (BCOOL) system that relies on the heterogeneity of promising networking paradigms -namely machine learning (ML), software-defined networks (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV)- to fill the gap of trustworthy Blockchain congestion prediction systems
The complexity of our Random Forest (RF)-based DSFC On-Chain Contract strategy consists in the complexity of three phases; The first phase corresponds to the construction of the random forest, the second phase deals with the random selection of features at each node of the DT and the third phase deals with the execution of the test
Summary
Traffic congestion is unavoidable and is the root cause of road rage and huge delays. BCOOL’s modules aim at efficiently, dynamically and immutably managing vehicle and message trustworthiness, at the edge of the network, while providing fast, accurate and real-time prediction of congestion, ahead of time, to facilitate the proactive and automatic prediction of SFC deployment decisions that consider both dynamic users’ QoS priority requests and all the carrier-grade requirements of NFV applications. It dynamically records vehicle, message trustworthiness, and prediction transactions in a distributed ledger and enforces the scalability and efficiency of its three main modules using novel hybrid on/off-chain smart contracts. We use a modified decision tree learning algorithm that selects, at each split in the learning process, a random subset of the features f of F
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