Battery-Type Behavior of Al-Doped CuO Nanoflakes to Fabricate a High-Performance Hybrid Supercapacitor Device for Superior Energy Storage Applications

Abstract

The ever-increasing energy demands have prompted researchers to develop innovative charge-storage devices. Here, aluminum-doped copper-oxide nanoflakes were fabricated via a simple co-precipitation method to investigate the electrochemical properties, which depicted a novel dominant battery-type charge-storage mechanism, manifested by the porous morphology of the electrodes to enhance the diffusion-controlled process. Copper oxide was chosen as the electroactive material due to its low cost, easy processability, environmental friendliness, and multiple oxidation states, all of which are very important for practical applicability in charge-storage devices. Additionally, aluminum was chosen as a dopant due to its elemental abundance, non-toxicity, and energetically favorable ionic radius for substitutional doping. A maximum 272 C/g (@1 A/g current-density) specific capacity was observed for 5 wt% Al-doped CuO. Evidently, higher Al-doping provided increased defects and doping sites to enhance the redox activity in order to improve the supercapacitive performance. A combinatorial battery−capacitor charge-storage mechanism was proposed in terms of the accumulation and intercalation of charges at the inner electroactive sites of the nanoflakes through a large number of voids and cavities in order to contribute towards dominant battery-type diffusion capacitance, while optimum Al-doping created considerable redox-active sites to promote surface-controlled pseudocapacitance. The optimized Al-CuO electrode revealed extraordinary long-term cycling stability with 99% capacity retention over 5000 charge/discharge cycles. A hybrid two-electrode device, made up of a battery type Al-CuO positrode and capacitor-type activated-carbon negatrode, demonstrated a remarkable energy-power performance with a maximum energy density of 30 Wh/kg and a maximum power density of 7.25 kW/kg, with an excellent cycle life (98% capacity retention over 5000 cycles). This work demonstrates a novel strategy to fabricate high-performance hybrid supercapacitors for the next generation charge-storage devices.