B Cell Dysfunction in HIV: Implications for Novel Therapeutic Strategies

Abstract

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a global health challenge, characterized by progressive immune dysregulation leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Among the myriad immune alterations observed in HIV, dysfunction of B lymphocytes plays a significant role in disease progression. This review article critically examines the multifaceted dysregulation of B cells during HIV infection, encompassing altered phenotypes, impaired functions, and disrupted interactions within the immune microenvironment. The dysregulation of B cells in HIV involves diverse mechanisms, including direct viral effects, chronic immune activation, and alterations in the cytokine milieu. Such dysfunction manifests as compromised antibody production, perturbed B cell subsets, impaired memory responses, and aberrant cytokine secretion, contributing to diminished humoral immunity and immune dysregulation. Understanding these intricacies is pivotal for elucidating the pathogenesis of HIV and developing targeted therapeutic strategies. This paper delineates the implications of B cell dysfunction for HIV-associated therapies. It highlights promising approaches, including immunotherapies targeting B cell function modulation, potential modifications or adjunctive therapies alongside standard antiretroviral therapy (ART) to address B cell abnormalities, and innovative strategies aimed at restoring humoral immunity in HIV-infected individuals. The elucidation of B cell dysregulation in HIV pathogenesis offers a unique avenue for therapeutic interventions. Targeting B cell dysfunction not only aims to restore humoral immunity but also holds promise in ameliorating overall immune function, potentially augmenting current HIV treatment paradigms.