Abstract
Sparse node deployment and dynamic network topology in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) result in void hole problem. In this paper, we present two interference-aware routing protocols for UWSNs (Intar: interference-aware routing; and Re-Intar: reliable and interference-aware routing). In proposed protocols, we use sender based approach to avoid the void hole. The beauty of the proposed schemes is that they not only avoid void hole but also reduce the probability of collision. The proposed Re-Intar also uses one-hop backward transmission at the source node to further improve the packet delivery ratio of the network. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed schemes in terms of end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio and energy consumption.
Highlights
To explore undersea available resources, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is most feasible and effective solution.The aforesaid paradigm offers unique applications, for instance, inhabitant monitoring, tactical surveillance, disaster prevention, resource investigation, etc. [1,2,3]
To resolve the issue of void hole problem, various routing strategies are presented by the research community, e.g. WDFAD-Depth based routing (DBR) [14]
In [19], Basagni et al proposed channel aware routing protocol (CARP), which combines link quality and hop count as routing metrics, to avoid void hole effectively
Summary
To explore undersea available resources, UWSN is most feasible and effective solution. The void hole is an area from where data packets cannot be delivered to the destination This is because of the unavailability of nodes in the communication range of the source node. To resolve the issue of void hole problem, various routing strategies are presented by the research community, e.g. WDFAD-DBR [14] This algorithm assigns weights to neighbor nodes for effective forwarder selection and avoids immutable nomination of the forwarder node. A protocol which uses unique hop identifiers to minimize overhead and improves the network lifetime along with the void avoidance [16] This scheme is not effective because in harsh acoustic environment, water currents are major influential factor which make it difficult to obtain hop id all the time.
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