Abstract
Automatic generation control (AGC) is primarily responsible for ensuring the smooth and efficient operation of an electric power system. The main goal of AGC is to keep the operating frequency under prescribed limits and maintain the interchange power at the intended level. Therefore, an AGC system must be supplemented with modern and intelligent control techniques to provide adequate power supply. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various AGC models in diverse configurations of the power system. Initially, the history of power system AGC models is explored and the basic operation of AGC in a multi-area interconnected power system is presented. An in-depth analysis of various control methods used to mitigate the AGC issues is provided. Application of fast-acting energy storage devices, high voltage direct current (HVDC) interconnections, and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices in the AGC systems are investigated. Furthermore, AGC systems employed in different renewable energy generation systems are overviewed and are summarized in tabulated form. AGC techniques in different configurations of microgrid and smart grid are also presented in detail. A thorough overview of various AGC issues in a deregulated power system is provided by considering the different contract scenarios. Moreover, AGC systems with an additional objective of economic dispatch is investigated and an overview of worldwide AGC practices is provided. Finally, the paper concludes with an emphasis on the prospective study in the field of AGC.
Highlights
The power system primarily ensures its stable and safe operation by maintaining a constant equilibrium between power production and load demands
Any mismatch between the load and generation system frefrom its pre-defined level, which is initially counteracted by the deviates retained the kinetic energy, quency its pre-defined level, which is initially counteracted the retained kinetic and thenfrom the frequency is balanced through activating the primaryby reserves, it energy, and the frequency is balanced through activating the primary reserves, howis not restored to its nominal level
A self-tuning algorithm-based Automatic generation control (AGC) for a thermal source-based multi-area integrated power network is suggested in the literature [51], in which every control area is shown by reducing order stochastic Auto regressive-Moving average model (AR-MAX) and the parameters are estimated through the extended least square technique
Summary
The power system primarily ensures its stable and safe operation by maintaining a constant equilibrium between power production and load demands. List of Abbreviations: AGC-O&OF: AGC Operation and Objective Functions; AGC-CO: AGC controller organizations; AGC-C&MCM: AGC Classical & modern control methods; AGC-I&SCCM: AGC Intelligent & soft computing control methods; AGC-ESS: AGC and Energy storage system; AGC-HVDCS: AGC and HVDC systems; AGC-LRES: AGC and large-scale renewable energy generation systems; AGC-MG: AGC and Microgrid; AGC-SG: AGC and Smart grid; AGC-DPS: AGC and deregulated power system; AGC- ED: AGC and Economic dispatch; AGC-WWP: AGC worldwide practices; OR: our review. Considering the aforementioned issues, the main contributions of this review paper are: The developmental history of AGC models in traditional and renewable energy power systems is explored, which considers various constraints in performing the frequency control analysis These constraints include generation rate constraint (GRC) and governor dead band (GDB) nonlinearities, parametric variations, inertial response, time delay problems, observability of state variables, and other stability issues. The acronyms used in this manuscript are listed in Appendix A
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