Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among Youth at Clinical High Risk of Psychosis

Abstract

Abstract Background Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects a significant proportion of the population and is associated with numerous adverse outcomes including lower educational attainment, occupational challenges, increased substance use, and various mental health issues including psychosis. This study examined the demographic, clinical, cognitive, social cognitive and functional differences between youth at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis with and without co-morbid ADHD. Method Data was drawn from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Studies (NAPLS2 and NAPLS3), which included 764 and 710 CHR individuals, respectively. After applying exclusion criteria, the sample consisted of 271 CHR participants with ADHD and 1118 without ADHD. All data was examined cross-sectionally. Results Compared to the non-ADHD group, the ADHD group was younger, had more difficulties with role functioning, premorbid functioning, social cognition, were more likely to have a co-morbid learning disorder and reported less depression symptoms. There were no significant differences between the groups on positive or negative psychotic symptoms, transition rates, adverse events, or other co-morbid disorders including substance use and depression. Discussion Co-morbid ADHD is likely not a significant predictor of transition to psychosis among CHR youth, however those CHR with ADHD may experience symptoms at a younger age than those without and present with a distinct clinical profile.