Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (17.78 ± 12.12 nm) were synthesized by the reduction of 0.5 M silver nitrate using formaldehyde as reducing and triethylamine as promoting and stabilizing agent. The particles were grain like agglomerates with spherical, centered-face cubic and crystalline in nature. The sample was highly pure with amine (NH) as associated and capping molecules. Further, the genotoxicity and oxidative stress of these particles were evaluated using Labeo rohita (L. rohita) as genetic model exposed (10–55 mg L−1 dose) through aquatic medium for 28 days. The cells were produced with micronuclei, fragmented, lobed and buds nuclei in dose dependent manner. The highest incidence of comet was recoded (27.34 ± 5.68) at 55 mg L−1 Ag-NPs and 14 days treatment. Then frequency was decreased to 22.65 ± 6.66% after 28 days due to complex repair mechanism. Moreover, the treatment also produces the oxidative stress and disturbs the level of GST in gill and liver tissue. There was a sharp decline in the activities of GST and this decrease of activity increase the MDA content. Further, the elevated level of GSH represents that the liver has started defensive mechanism against oxyraidcals. This study concluded, Ag-NPs are genotoxic in nature and produce micronuclei, comet cells and also induces oxidative stress in aquatic organisms.
Highlights
The nanoparticles are extensively synthesized with an average of 60,000 tons annual production (Jovanovicet al. 2011)
This study concluded, Ag-NPs are genotoxic in nature and produce micronuclei, comet cells and induces oxidative stress in aquatic organisms
A sharp characteristics peak of absorbance was recorded between 400 and 480 nm due to surface plasmon resonance of Ag-NPs absorption confirming the reduction of silver nitrate
Summary
The nanoparticles are extensively synthesized with an average of 60,000 tons annual production (Jovanovicet al. 2011). The nanoparticles are extensively synthesized with an average of 60,000 tons annual production The 622 companies of 30 countries produce 1814 nanoproducts of various application (Woodrow Wilson 2016). 435 nanoproducts are silver based, forming 34% of total with 320 tons annual production The extensive applications of Ag-NPs demand synthesis of these particles on large scale in economic ways. These particles are being synthesized through chemical, physical and biological methods. Silver nitrate is the most dominant procure compound to synthesized Ag-NPs. Various inorganic and organic reducing agent are utilized in the reduction, including sodium borohydrate, sodium citrate, ascorbate, Tollen’s reagent, ethylene glycol, elemental hydrogen, and dimethyl formamide (Iravani et al 2014; Tran and Le 2013). Formaldehyde was used as reducing agent and triethylamine performed dual function as promoting and stabilizing agent
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