Assessing Infection Patterns, Resistant Pathogens and Targeted Bacterial Mechanisms: A Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Five Countries

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance in five countries including USA, India, China, UK, and Pakistan. The analysis reveals high and very high levels of AMR in these countries, with respiratory, urinary tract, bloodstream, and surgical site infections being the most common. The identified resistant pathogens include E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterobacteriaceae. Carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, and cephalosporins are commonly used antibiotics, but resistance mechanisms such as enzyme production and altered target sites contribute to the problem. The estimated annual costs associated with AMR are substantial, with the USA spending $35 billion, India $2.5 billion, China $12 billion, UK £1.2 billion, and Pakistan PKR 361.9 million. Various reporting agencies, including the CDC, WHO, and national health organizations, monitor and report on AMR. The abstract also highlights resistance mechanisms such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multi-drug resistance (MDR), and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), along with their respective costs. Our findings underscore the urgent need for global collaboration to address AMR effectively. Strategies must be improved surveillance systems, liable antibiotic use, and the development of new antimicrobial agents are decisive to combat the growing threat of AMR and preserve the effectiveness of existing antibiotics.