Abstract
The global energy markets of the last decade have been characterized by an ever-increasing share of electric power, more than half of which is projected to come from renewable energy sources by the year 2030. Such a remarkable rise in the quantity of renewable energy, of course, will induce a series of related changes as, without the successful integration of all that unconventional type of energy into the existing energy systems, the sustainability and security of the electricity supply cannot be maintained. As a result, new legislation and energy policies are required all over the world to accommodate not only the latest technological solutions but also a variety of previously unknown market actors. In the institutions, businesses and households of Hungary, the notion of sustainability has been gaining more and more importance lately, which is manifest in the efforts to reduce the use of electricity from the public grid, which is generated by burning fossil fuel. This endeavor is facilitated by the installation of photovoltaic (PV) household-sized power plant (HMKE) systems. Currently, the Hungarian electric energy system does not possess sufficiently flexible capacities; moreover, even this capacity is expected to decrease considerably in the future due to the phasing out fossil fuel power plants. Furthermore, dynamically growing HMKE penetration means an increasing frequency of technical problems in the macroenergy system (e.g., reverse energy flow in the local grid). It is such challenges that energy storage technologies can provide a solution for. Presently, there is insufficient information available on the recommended energy storage size necessary for the efficient integration of Hungarian HMKE systems into the electric energy system and the related investment needs. The innovative novelty of this study is that it examines the quantity and power of Hungarian HMKEs in the districts of the various electric companies over time with a view of exploring a possible way of their efficient integration into the electric energy system by determining the nominal energy storage power and energy capacity of the proposed energy storage systems. In addition, the paper also presents the expected investment needs associated with these energy storage systems.
Highlights
In accordance with the energy strategy of the European Union (EU), the Hungarian Ministry of Innovation and Technology produced a National Battery Industry Strategy 2030 [55], in which it set down the objectives and measures related to flexible energy generation and energy storage that can create a base for the creation and spread of Hungarian energy storage systems
Supporting the appearance of new types of flexibility services in the market by encouraging energy storage investments and the mobilization of the possibilities of demand-side regulation; The simplification of the licensing process and regulatory market accreditation of energy storage facilities; The creation of regulatory products that can utilize the technical capabilities of energy storage facilities better; Supporting innovation in seasonal energy storage; Including the highly developed demand-side intervention possibilities in system-level regulation; Introducing a separate product for flexible consumption in the market of system-level services; Supporting virtual generation integration, local energy communities and microgrid solutions; Facilitating the deployment of renewable energy sources and energy storage facilities on the same premises by regulatory tools [56]
The reason why this paper focuses on examining PV HMKEs is that this is the dominant technology in this market segment [73]
Summary
Contrary to the above efforts, humanity is faced with an endless growth of energy demand and consumption, induced by the perpetual development of technology and standard of living [7]. It is this trend and the fact that the world’s supply of fossil fuels is not inexhaustible, exacerbated by the detrimental impacts of burning fossil fuels, that has triggered the transition from the traditional energy sources to new ones [8,9]. A range of new, renewable energy sources, such as hydro, solar, wind and biomass, whose use is considered to result in much less or zero environmental pollution, is believed to be able to replace today’s common energy sources in the future [10]
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