Abstract
This chapter outlines the history of artificial intelligence (AI), including its origins in Turing's work during World War IIand the fundamental developments in the field of AI. The chapter discusses the evolutionary computing, the microworld approach to AI, robotics, expert systems, commonsense reasoning, neuron-like computing, and situated AI. The chapter examines a number of philosophical issues in AI, including the Turing test and its motivation, AI and hypercomputation, and the “Gödel Objection” to AI. Turing's intelligent machinery distinguished two different approaches to AI that are termed “top-down AI” and “bottom-up AI.” In the top-down AI, cognition is treated as a phenomenon independent of the particular details of the mechanism that is implementing it. Researchers in the bottom-up AI take the opposite approach. The difference between the two strategies is illustrated in the chapter by considering the task of building a system to discriminate between the letter “W” and other letters.
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