Abstract
Electromagnetic computation methods (ECMs) have been widely used in analyzing lightning electromagnetic pulses (LEMPs) and lightning-caused surges in various systems. One of the advantages of ECMs, in comparison with circuit simulation methods, is that they allow a self-consistent, full-wave solution for both the transient current distribution in a three-dimensional conductor system and resultant electromagnetic fields, although they are computationally expensive. Among ECMs, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been the most frequently used in lightning electromagnetic field and surge simulations. In this chapter, applications of the FDTD method to lightning electromagnetic field and surge simulations are reviewed. The applications include (i) surges on grounding electrodes, (ii) lightning surges on overhead power transmission lines (TLs) and towers, (iii) lightning surges on overhead power distribution and telecommunication lines, (iv) lightning electromagnetic environment and surges in power substations, (v) lightning surges on underground power and telecommunication cables, (vi) lightning surges in wind-turbine-generator towers, (vii) lightning surges in photovoltaic (PV) arrays, (viii) lightning surges and electromagnetic environment in buildings, (ix) lightning electromagnetic fields at close and far distances, and others.
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