Application of Solid Phase Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection to Analyze Bisphenol A Bis (2,3-Dihydroxypropyl) Ether (BADGE 2H2O), Bisphenol F (BPF), and Bisphenol E (BPE) in Human Urine Samples.

Tomasz Tuzimski,Szymon Szubartowski

doi:10.3390/ijerph181910307

Abstract

In this study, we propose a simple, cost-effective, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for the simultaneous determination of the three bisphenols (BPs): bisphenol A bis (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether (BADGE 2H2O), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol E (BPE) in human urine samples. The dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure performed well for the analytes with recoveries in the range of 74.3–86.5% and relative standard deviations (RSD%) less than 10%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for all investigated analytes were in the range of 11.42–22.35 ng mL−1. The method was validated at three concentration levels (1 × LOQ, 1.5 × LOQ, and 3 LOQ). During the bisphenols HPLC-FLD analysis, from 6 min a reinforcement (10 or 12) was used, therefore analytes might be identified in the small volume human urine samples. The results demonstrated clearly that the approach developed provides reliable, simple, and rapid quantification and identification of three bisphenols in a urine matrix and could be used for monitoring these analytes.

Highlights

Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are exogenous chemical substances that exert actions primarily through nuclear hormone receptors, including estrogen, androgen, progesterone, thyroid, and retinoid receptors, and cause adverse health effects in an intact organism, its progeny, or populations
The described procedure included an extraction and clean-up procedure based on the QuEChERS (Qu—quick, E—easy, Ch—cheap, E—effective, R—rugged, S—safe) methodology followed by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry determination
Tuzimski and Szubartowski [34] described a method for the determination of selected bisphenols in human breast milk samples by a dispersive solid phase extraction before solid phase extraction procedure (d-SPE/SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD)

Summary

Introduction

Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are exogenous chemical substances that exert actions primarily through nuclear hormone receptors, including estrogen, androgen, progesterone, thyroid, and retinoid receptors, and cause adverse health effects in an intact organism, its progeny, or (sub) populations. EDs have effects on male and female reproduction, breast development and cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid impairment, metabolism and obesity, and neurological, cardiovascular, and endocrine diseases [1,2]. Bisphenols are a widely used plastic compound with endocrine-disrupting properties that ubiquitously affect the endocrine system [2]. Bisphenol A (BPA), the most widely used bisphenol compound, is well known for having a negative effect on human reproductive health and has been gradually eliminated from many commonly used products [3,4]. Regulations forced producers to introduce BPA analogues to the market, for example, bisphenols S (BPS), F (BPF), and

Methods

Results

Conclusion