Abstract
In this study, we propose a simple, cost-effective, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for the simultaneous determination of seven bisphenols (bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol B (BPB), BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether), BADGE∙2H2O, BADGE∙H2O, BADGE∙2HCl) in human breast milk samples. The dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure performed well for the majority of the analytes with recoveries in the range 57–88% and relative standard deviations (RSD%) of less than 9.4%. During the d-SPE stage, no significant matrix effect was observed thanks to the application of different pairs of salts such as zirconium-dioxide-based sorbents (Z-Sep or Z-Sep +) and primary secondary amine (PSA) or QuEChERS Enhanced Matrix Removal-Lipid (EMR-Lipid) and PSA. The method limits of quantification (mLOQs) for all investigated analytes were set at satisfactory low values in the range 171.89–235.11 ng mL−1. Analyte concentrations were determined as the average value from human breast milk matrix samples. The results show that the d-SPE/SPE procedure, especially with the application of EMR-Lipid and PSA, could be used for further bisphenol analyses in human breast milk samples.
Highlights
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most commonly produced xenoestrogens worldwide
To the best of our knowledge, this method is the first to combine the advantages of dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-solid phase extraction (SPE)) and SPE as extraction techniques with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD)
Separation of the seven bisphenols under investigation was performed in the Scherzo SM-C18 multimodal stationary phase using a simple mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile, both acidified with formic acid (50 mM HCOOH in water and 50 mM HCOOH in acetonitrile) in a gradient system, as described in the “Experiment” section
Summary
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most commonly produced xenoestrogens worldwide. It is mainly used for the production of epoxy resins, polycarbonates, and thermal paper and is present in commonly used products such as toys, water pipes, and food packaging materials such as plastic bottles or cans [1]. The European Union (EU) has prohibited the use of BPA in baby bottles [3] This regulation has forced producers to introduce BPA analogues like bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol E (BPE), and bisphenol B (BPB) to the market. These analogues can be found in environmental and biological samples and exhibit similar or even higher levels of toxicity [4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. The EU has limited the SML for one of the BPA analogues (BPS) to 0.05 mg per kilogram of food [11]
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