Application of Nanomaterials and Biomaterials in Nanovaccinology

Abstract

Over the years, the concept of vaccination has encountered great evolution. Most vaccines have been formulated in a way that mimics pathogens in order to activate immune cascades. However, vaccine development was never assumed as a simple task and it involves several studies to obtain detailed knowledge about antigen presentation and recognition by immune system. Nanovaccination has been proposed as one of the most successful break throughs and procurements in health promotion and diseases prevention. Nano vaccines can be classified into various groups based on shape, source, sizes, features and structural constriction. Therefore they are assumed to offer more opportunities and novel approaches to scientists and researches and address unmet needs in vaccine developments. Novel technologies in vaccinology mostly focus on safety-immunogenicity improvements, synergistic immunomodulation, in vivo stability, reduced toxicity and efficient delivery of stimulatory cues. Biomaterials and nano vaccines were proved as promising strategies with optimal safety and efficacy through controlling the release site and pattern for better adjustment of dosing and timing of vaccines and immunotherapies. In this review, we have summarized future horizons and cutting-edge advances of biocompatible nano biomaterials-based platforms such as liposomes, nanoparticles, carbon based structures and membrane based vaccines. We also described the remaining challenges, limitations, and possible breakthroughs in nano vaccines’ formulation and biomaterials application in industrial scale.