Abstract
Immunological checkpoints are a mechanism evolved by human beings to control the intensity and duration of immunoreaction and minimize the excessive inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases caused by overactive immune responses. Compared to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and other traditional treatments, immunotherapy has fewer side effects on normal cells, and has become an emerging technology in tumor treatments. As the focus on tumor treatment research, immunological checkpoint therapy can damage the tumor cells by breaking the immune tolerance and activating the body's own immune system, which make it a promising treatment method. In this paper, the mechanisms of immune activation, immune regulation and immune evasion were described. The action mechanism and clinical application of anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) were summarized. The application prospect of immune checkpoint inhibitors was discussed. Key words: Immune checkpoint; Cancer immunity; CTLA-4; PD-1
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