Abstract
The preparation of a low-cost cellulose-based bioadsorbent from cellulosic material extracted from rose stems (CRS) was carried out; rose stems are considered agricultural waste. After the required pretreatment of this waste and further treatment with an acidic mixture of acetic and nitric acids, the CRS product was produced. The resulting bioadsorbent was characterized by several techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, which revealed diffraction maxima related to the cellulose structure, whose calculated crystallinity index (CrI) was 75%. In addition, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) showed signs of acetylation of the sample. The thermal properties of the solid were also evaluated through Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed cellulose fibers before and after the adsorption process, and some particles with irregular shapes were also observed. The CRS bioadsorbent was used for the effective adsorption of valuable Tb(III) from an aqueous solution. The adsorption data showed a good fit to the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models; however, chemisorption was not ruled out. Finally, desorption experiments revealed the recovery of terbium ions with an efficiency of 97% from the terbium-loaded bioadsorbent.
Highlights
Seventeen metals are considered rare earth elements (REEs), all presenting similar chemical characteristics that make them key components in the development of smart technologies and associated products
After characterizing the bioadsorbent with various techniques including XRD, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), we investigate the bioadsorbent’s adsorption efficiency against Tb(III), depending on pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time, by performing a series of batch experiments
Of the different cellulose isolation methods proposed in the literature, the one that involves a mixture of acetic acid and nitric acid has the advantage of being chlorine-free and, reduces the associated environmental impact, in addition to being a method that can achieve a high degree of delignification and removal of polysaccharides other than cellulose under a one-step protocol [20]
Summary
Seventeen metals are considered rare earth elements (REEs), all presenting similar chemical characteristics that make them key components in the development of smart technologies and associated products. Due to these similarities, it is difficult to separate these elements. All of the above factors led the EU to consider these elements to be of the utmost necessity, increasing the demand for their recycling from different sources, which is currently known as urban mining After leaching, these REEs are recovered from the solutions via different separation technologies, including precipitation, liquid–liquid extraction, ion exchange resins, etc. Adsorption is one of the most popular methods [1,2], due to its ease of use, ability to treat dilute-metal solutions and/or unclarified
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