Abstract
The purpose of the work is to investigate the screening frequency of anxiety and depressive disorders and their manifestations in young adolescents to determine risk factors and develop measures for their prevention. Anxiety testing was conducted for 313 students of educational institutions of the Khmelnitsky region aged 10-14 years: 156 (49.8 %) boys and 157 (50.2 %) girls. 258 people were tested for the spectrum of depressive disorders, of which 51.9 % (134) were boys and 48.1 % (124) girls. Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to study anxiety, and Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) by M. Kovacs, was used to diagnose depression. The probability was evaluated using Student's t-test with the construction of a 95 % confidence interval (CI) for the difference in means. Quantitative traits are given as M±σ. A high level of personal anxiety was determined in 20 (6.4 %), and situational anxiety in 17 (5.4 %) people. The average level of personal anxiety was determined in 38 (12.1 %), and situational anxiety – in 142 (45.3 %) people. A low level of personal anxiety was identified in 255 (81.5 %), and situational anxiety – in 154 (49.3 %) people. That is, most students of early adolescence had a low level of both personal and situational anxiety. Signs of depressive disorders were detected in 50.0 % of the examined children of early adolescence who completed the questionnaires, in particular, mild manifestations of depression were found in 70 (27.2 %) people, moderate in 46 (17.2 %) people, severe depression in 13 (5.0 %) people. The level of depressive symptoms in girls was higher (53.32±12.54 points) compared with boys (50.01±9.94 points), respectively (95 % CI, 0.5 – 6.0; p<0.019). The level of depressive symptoms among students in the city was higher (50.45±8.93 points) compared with students in rural schools (46.74±10.81 points), respectively (95% CI, 0.5 – 6.9, p<0.023). When comparing the severity of depressive symptoms in children from a boarding school (59.64±15.03 points) with students of other secondary schools (52.02±9.74 points), its predominance was significant precisely in children who study at a boarding school (95% CI, 2.5 – 16.3; p<0.008). So, in children of early adolescence, most have a low level of anxiety. At the same time, depressive disorders of varying degrees were revealed in 50.0 % of the examined children, which manifested themselves mainly in the form of low mood and anhedonia. Female sex, urban living, and having an incomplete family or orphanhood are some of the key risk factors for depression in young children.
Highlights
The problem of prevalence and chronicity of psychogenic diseases is becoming one of the most important in modern medicine given the economic losses associated with compensation for the treatment of this pathology and its consequences [10, 11, 16]
The low level of personal anxiety was found in 255 (81.5%) and situational anxiety in 154 (49.3 %), which was the vast majority of adolescents
Our screening study for the presence of depressive symptoms included children in whom the total score on the questionnaire exceeded the upper limit of the average of 50 points, their number was 129 (50.0 %) people (Fig. 2), ie, every second schoolchildren of a young adolescent Depressive disorder were of varying severity, of which 5.0 % had severe depression, 17.5 % had moderate depression and 27.2 % had mild depression
Summary
The problem of prevalence and chronicity of psychogenic diseases is becoming one of the most important in modern medicine given the economic losses associated with compensation for the treatment of this pathology and its consequences [10, 11, 16]. (2017) shows that anxiety is one of the most common mental disorders in children and adolescents, especially among girls [13]. It increases the risk of developing psychopathological disorders in adulthood, in particular in the development of depression [4]. Depressive disorders in children aged 5-12 years, which are often manifested at this age by somatized manifestations, are a serious mental illness that has significant consequences for the psychosocial development of the child and remains an underestimated and often undiagnosed condition [5]. Depression in children and adolescents is not just a "bad mood." This is a serious emotional disorder that affects their quality of life. At different ages of childhood, depression can look different and often hide behind the symptoms of somatic pathologies or behavioral disorders [13, 16]
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