Abstract
BackgroundTrichosanthis semen, the seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. or Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms, has long been used in Korean medicine to loosen bowels and relieve chronic constipation. Although the fruits and radixes of this medicinal herb and their constituents have been reported to exhibit therapeutic effects in various cancers, the anti-cancer effects of its seeds have been relatively less studied. In this study, we investigated the effects of an ethanolic extract of T. kirilowii seeds (TKSE) against colorectal cancer and its mechanism.MethodsThe anti-tumor effects of the TKSE were evaluated in HT-29 and CT-26 colorectal cancer cells and in a CT-26 tumor-bearing mouse model.ResultsTKSE suppressed the growth of HT-29 and CT-26 cells (both colorectal cancer cell lines) and the cytotoxic effect of TKSE was greater than that of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) in HT-29 cells. TKSE significantly induced mitochondrial membrane potential loss in HT-29 and CT-26 cells and dose-dependently inhibited Bcl-2 expression and induced the cleavages of caspase-3 and PARP. In particular, TKSE at 300 µg/mL induced nuclear condensation and fragmentation in HT-29 cells. Furthermore, TKSE dose-dependently inhibited activations of the Akt/mTOR and ERK pathways, and markedly induced the phosphorylation of AMPK. An AMPKα inhibitor (compound C) effectively blocked the TKSE-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, TKSE attenuated the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway in HT-29 cells under hypoxic-mimic conditions and inhibited migration and invasion. Oral administration of TKSE (100 or 300 mg/kg) inhibited tumor growth in a mouse CT-26 allograft model but was not as effective as 5-Fu (the positive control), which was administered intraperitoneally. In the same model, 5-Fu caused significant body weight loss, but no such loss was observed in TKSE-treated mice.ConclusionTaken together, these results suggest TKSE has potent anti-tumor effects which might be partly due to the activation of AMPK, and the induction mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. These findings provide scientific evidence supporting the potential use of TKSE as a complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Highlights
Trichosanthis semen, the seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. or Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms, has long been used in Korean medicine to loosen bowels and relieve chronic constipation
We investigated the effects of an ethanolic extract of T. kirilowii seeds (TKSE) against colorectal cancer and the mechanisms involved, using colorectal cancer cell lines and a CT-26 tumor-bearing mouse model
Chemicals and reagents Fetal bovine serum (FBS), cell culture media, penicillin/ streptomycin, and all other reagents used for cell culture studies were purchased from Welgene (Gyeongsan, Korea). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), 5-Fu, rhodamine 123 (Rh123), CoCl2, compound C, crystal violet solution, and other reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
Summary
Trichosanthis semen, the seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. or Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms, has long been used in Korean medicine to loosen bowels and relieve chronic constipation. The fruits and radixes of this medicinal herb and their constituents have been reported to exhibit therapeutic effects in various cancers, the anti-cancer effects of its seeds have been relatively less studied. We investigated the effects of an etha‐ nolic extract of T. kirilowii seeds (TKSE) against colorectal cancer and its mechanism. Many lifestyle-related factors have been linked to colorectal cancer. Drugs commonly used to treat colorectal cancer include 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu), capecitabine (Xeloda), irinotecan (Camptosar), oxaliplatin (Eloxatin), trifluridine, and trifluridine/tipiracil (Lonsurf ), which are used singly or in combination to increase response rates and minimize drug resistance [3]. Interest in complementary and alternative medicine has increased worldwide due to their efficacies and limited side effects and these approaches are considered attractive options for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer [4]
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