Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in dementia pathogenesis; however, its impact on salivary secretion and salivary qualities is still unknown. This study included 80 patients with moderate dementia and 80 healthy age- and sex-matched individuals. Salivary flow, antioxidants (salivary peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, uric acid and total antioxidant capacity), and oxidative damage products (advanced oxidation protein products, advanced glycation end products (AGE), 8-isoprostanes, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine and total oxidant status) were estimated in non-stimulated and stimulated saliva, as well as in plasma and erythrocytes. We show that in dementia patients the concentration/activity of major salivary antioxidants changes, and the level of oxidative damage to DNA, proteins and lipids is increased compared to healthy controls. Non-stimulated and stimulated salivary secretions were significantly reduced in dementia patients. The deterioration in mini mental state examination (MMSE) score correlated with salivary AGE levels, which when considered with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, suggests their potential role in the non-invasive diagnosis of dementia. In conclusion, dementia is associated with disturbed salivary redox homeostasis and impaired secretory function of the salivary glands. Salivary AGE may be useful in the diagnosis of dementia.
Highlights
Various types of dementia are increasingly common health problems, both in developed and developing countries
In the pathogenesis of dementia, a important role is played by oxidative stress [6], which is defined as the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the efficiency of enzymatic, as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants
Oxidative stress leads to damage of cell components by oxidation [7,8] which can be observed as an increase of oxidative-modified proteins, lipids (8-isoprostanes; 8-isop) and nucleic acids (8-hydroxy-2 -deoxyguanosine; 8-OHdG)
Summary
Various types of dementia are increasingly common health problems, both in developed and developing countries. It has been demonstrated that deposition of amyloid β and tau protein in the course of dementia is associated with excessive production of ROS, leading to oxidative damage to DNA, proteins and lipids, within the CNS and in skin, skeletal muscles or exocrine glands [9,10]. Accumulation of amyloid β in the secretory epithelium of salivary glands in patients with dementia most likely disrupts the local redox balance and is responsible for impairment of the structure and function of salivary glands [11]. The aim of our work was to evaluate both the secretory function of salivary glands and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defences, in addition to oxidative damage of lipids, proteins and DNA in non-stimulated (NWS) and stimulated (SWS) saliva, as well as plasma and erythrocytes of dementia patients compared to healthy subjects
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