Abstract
There are still missing non-invasive biomarkers of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate oxidative stress indicators in the non-stimulated (NWS) and stimulated saliva (SWS) of CKD children (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 25). Salivary antioxidants (catalase (CAT), peroxidase (Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), uric acid (UA), reduced glutathione (GSH), albumin), redox status (total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI)), and oxidative damage products (advanced glycation end products (AGE), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA)) were evaluated. We have demonstrated the significantly higher activity of SWS GPx and SOD, as well as elevated concentrations of UA and albumin in NWS and SWS of CKD children vs. the control group. TAC, TOS and OSI were significantly higher only in SWS, while oxidative damage products (AGE, AOPP and MDA) were significantly higher in both NWS and SWS of CKD children. ROC analysis showed a considerably high diagnostic value of AOPP in both NWS and SWS of CKD children compared to controls (AUC = 0.92; 0.98). CKD is responsible for disturbances in salivary antioxidant systems and oxidative damage to proteins and lipids. Salivary AOPP can be a potential biomarker of CKD in children.
Highlights
In addition to arterial hypertension, diabetes and obesity, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common civilization diseases [1]
In patients with CKD we demonstrated considerably higher levels of serum creatinine, UA, urea, and 24-h urinary protein, albumin excretion compared to the controls
We found no significant differences between oral hygiene indexes (APIs) and periodontal disease indexes (SBI, GI) in patients from both the study and control group (Table 2)
Summary
In addition to arterial hypertension, diabetes and obesity, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common civilization diseases [1]. Chronic kidney disease is classified in five stages depending on the reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)—Stage 1: >90 mL/min; Stage 2: 60–89 mL/min; Stage 3: 30–59 mL/min; Stage 4: 15–29 mL/min; and Stage 5:
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