Abstract
Recently, the demand for food proteins in the market has increased due to a rise in degenerative illnesses that are associated with the excessive production of free radicals and the unwanted side effects of various drugs, for which researchers have suggested diets rich in bioactive compounds. Some of the functional compounds present in foods are antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides, which are used to produce foods that promote health and to reduce the consumption of antibiotics. These peptides have been obtained from various sources of proteins, such as foods and agri-food by-products, via enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation. Peptides with antioxidant properties exert effective metal ion (Fe2+/Cu2+) chelating activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition, which may lead to notably beneficial effects in promoting human health and food processing. Antimicrobial peptides are small oligo-peptides generally containing from 10 to 100 amino acids, with a net positive charge and an amphipathic structure; they are the most important components of the antibacterial defense of organisms at almost all levels of life—bacteria, fungi, plants, amphibians, insects, birds and mammals—and have been suggested as natural compounds that neutralize the toxicity of reactive oxygen species generated by antibiotics and the stress generated by various exogenous sources. This review discusses what antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides are, their source, production, some bioinformatics tools used for their obtainment, emerging technologies, and health benefits.
Highlights
Human beings require oxygen (O2 ) to produce energy via the oxidative metabolism of the mitochondria; they produce ATP, which is the molecule from which the energy necessary for various vital processes is released
The mitochondria are considered to be the main endogenous source of free radicals (FRs) since, in order to produce ATP, the oxidative metabolism reduces 95–98% of the oxygen in a tetra-electronic manner; the rest is reduced in a monoelectronic manner, forming intermediaries known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS)
The peptides resulting from in silico proteolysis can be matched with bioactive peptides in databases for predetermined bioactivities
Summary
Human beings require oxygen (O2 ) to produce energy via the oxidative metabolism of the mitochondria; they produce ATP, which is the molecule from which the energy necessary for various vital processes is released. FRs are generated by exogenous sources and factors that favor their formation, such as exposure to X-rays, ozone, tobacco, air contaminants, and industrial products; certain medications and inadequate eating habits; the consumption of foods with low nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity, fast food with high fat content, junk food, canned goods that contain additives, drinks with high sugar content; and the low consumption of natural foods, which provokes an increase in the concentration of FRs and a loss of equilibrium between the speed of formation and their neutralization by the body’s endogenous antioxidant system This leads to oxidative stress, which has been linked to obesity, chronic degenerative illnesses, neurodegenerative illnesses, cardiovascular illnesses, diabetes mellitus and cancer, as well as severe cell damage [6]. The present review focuses on what antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides are, their source, production, some bioinformatics tools for their obtainment, emerging technologies and health benefits
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