Abstract
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). A small number of CIDP patients harbors autoantibodies against nodal/paranodal proteins, such as neurofascin 155 (NF155), contactin 1, and contactin-associated protein 1. In most cases, the predominant immunoglobulin (IgG) subclass is IgG4. Node/paranode antibody-positive CIDP demonstrates distinct features compared with antibody-negative CIDP, including a poor response to intravenous immunoglobulin. The neuropathology of biopsied sural nerve shows Schwann cell terminal loop detachment from axons without macrophage infiltration or inflammation. This is partly attributable to IgG4, which blocks protein–protein interactions without inducing inflammation. Anti-NF155 antibody-positive (NF155+) CIDP is unique because of the high frequency of subclinical demyelinating lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). This is probably because NF155 coexists in the PNS and CNS. Such cases showing demyelinating lesions in both the CNS and PNS are now termed combined central and peripheral demyelination (CCPD). NF155+ CIDP/CCPD commonly presents hypertrophy of spinal nerve roots and cranial nerves, such as trigeminal and oculomotor nerves, and extremely high levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein, which indicates nerve root inflammation. In the CSF, the CXCL8/IL8, IL13, TNFα, CCL11/eotaxin, CCL2/MCP1, and IFNγ levels are significantly higher and the IL1β, IL1ra, and GCSF levels are significantly lower in NF155+ CIDP than in non-inflammatory neurological diseases. Even compared with anti-NF155 antibody-negative (NF155−) CIDP, the CXCL8/IL8 and IL13 levels are significantly higher and the IL1β and IL1ra levels are significantly lower than those in NF155+ CIDP. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed NF155+ and NF155− CIDP to be separable with IL4, IL10, and IL13, the three most significant discriminators, all of which are required for IgG4 class switching. Therefore, upregulation of both Th2 and Th1 cytokines and downregulation of macrophage-related cytokines are characteristic of NF155+ CIDP, which explains spinal root inflammation and the lack of macrophage infiltration in the sural nerves. All Japanese patients with NF155+ CIDP/CCPD have one of two specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, which results in a significantly higher prevalence of HLA-DRB1*15:01-DQB1*06:02 compared with healthy Japanese controls. This indicates an involvement of specific HLA class II molecules and relevant T cells in addition to IgG4 anti-NF155 antibodies in the mechanism underlying IgG4 NF155+ CIDP/CCPD.
Highlights
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is the most common acquired immune-mediated neuropathy that affects myelinated fibers
Accumulating evidence indicates that a fraction of CIDP patients carries autoantibodies against nodal or paranodal proteins (Figure 1A), such as neurofascin (NF) 155 (NF155) (1–7), neurofascin 186 (NF186) (1), contactin 1 (CNTN1) (8–10), and contactin-associated protein 1 (CASPR1) (11)
Together with a high frequency of spinal root hypertrophy on MRI, as described (5, 32), these findings suggest that, all nerve segments are affected in NF155+ CIDP, the distal and proximal root segments tend to be involved more severely in NF155+ CIDP than in NF155− CIDP
Summary
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is the most common acquired immune-mediated neuropathy that affects myelinated fibers. Similar elongation of the nodes of Ranvier in dermal myelinated fibers (9, 29) and disruption of septatelike transverse bands accompanied with the detachment of Schwann cell terminal loops from axons at the paranodes were detected in anti-CNTN1 antibody-positive CIDP (43).
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