Abstract
Species of the family Bufonidae, better known as true toads, are widespread and produce bioactive substances in the secretions obtained from specialized skin macroglands. Some true toads have been employed as a folk remedy to treat infectious diseases caused by microbial pathogens. Recent publications based on in silico analysis highlighted the Bufonidae as promising sources of antimicrobial peptides. A review of the literature reveals that Bufonidae skin secretion extracts show inhibitory activity in vitro against clinical isolates of bacteria, resistant and standard strains of bacterial, and fungal and parasitic human pathogens. Secondary metabolites belonging to the classes of alkaloids, bufadienolides, and peptides with antimicrobial activity have been isolated from species of the genera Bufo, Bufotes, Duttaphrynus, and Rhinella. Additionally, some antimicrobial extracts and purified compounds display low cytotoxicity against mammal cells.
Highlights
SpeciesToads,with withwhite whitearrows arrowsindicating indicating skin macroglands
Species of the family Bufonidae, better known as true toads, are widespread and produce bioactive substances in the secretions obtained from specialized skin macroglands
Traditional uses of true toads as medicine for infections caused by microbes highlight the potential of bufonids as source of antimicrobial drugs
Summary
Toads,with withwhite whitearrows arrowsindicating indicating skin macroglands. The cellular disruption caused by metabolites produced by drug metabolism in parasites can be neutralized by the catalytic actions of cytosolic oxide-reductase enzymes In this sense, the gene expression profile among sensitive and resistant strains of Leishmania braziliensis clinical isolates to antimony was evaluated. Resistance mechanisms expressed by pathogenic microbes against drugs reveal the need for the development of more efficient treatments ideally focused on different targets not recognized by pathogens In this sense, therapy based on bacteriophages, known as phages, which are viruses that invade bacteria and disrupt the metabolism leading to bacterial lysis, has gained attention [41]. Therapy based on bacteriophages, known as phages, which are viruses that invade bacteria and disrupt the metabolism leading to bacterial lysis, has gained attention [41] Another option is the research for new chemical entities able to inhibit growth and, overcome the resistance that pathogenic microbes display. Our present work focused on a description and understanding, for the first time, of the importance of natural products isolated from true toads with potential for the development of antimicrobial drugs
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