Abstract
The ability of plant extracts and preparations to reduce inflammation has been proven by different means in experimental models. Since inflammation enhances the release of specific mediators, inhibition of their production can be used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of plants widely used in folk medicine for this purpose. The study was performed for leaves and flowers of Malva sylvestris, and leaves of Sida cordifolia and Pelargonium graveolens. These are three plant species known in Brazil as Malva. The anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and residual) was evaluated by quantitation of prostaglandins (PG) PGE2, PGD2, PGF2α, and thromboxane B2 (the stable nonenzymatic product of TXA2) concentration in the supernatant of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced RAW 264.7 cells. Inhibition of anti-inflammatory mediator release was observed for plants mainly in the crude extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and residual fraction. The results suggest superior activity of S. cordifolia, leading to significantly lower values of all mediators after treatment with its residual fraction, even at the lower concentration tested (10 μg/mL). M. sylvestris and P. graveolens showed similar results, such as the reduction of all mediators after treatment, with leaf crude extracts (50 μg/mL). These results suggest that the three species known as Malva have anti-inflammatory properties, S. cordifolia being the most potent.
Highlights
Inflammatory response is a combination of effects, the occurrence of which is dependent on noxious causes, such as infection and tissue injury [1]
Studies have shown the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous leaf extract and the ethyl acetate fraction of the aerial parts in rat models of edema [12,28]
The hexane fraction was inhibitory against PGF2α formation at both concentrations, while the chloroform fraction was inhibitory for TXB2 and PGF2α, but only at the higher concentration level
Summary
Inflammatory response is a combination of effects, the occurrence of which is dependent on noxious causes, such as infection and tissue injury [1]. Studies have shown the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous leaf extract and the ethyl acetate fraction of the aerial parts in rat models of edema [12,28]. 5-hydroxy-3-isoprenyl flavone were isolated from the chloroform extract of aerial parts of S. cordifolia, and both showed anti-inflammatory activity in a rat model comparable to that of phenylbutazone [32]. Some studies evaluated the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of M. sylvestris [11,24,25,37] and S. cordifolia, [38], while no studies dedicated to determining the anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of P. graveolens or comparing these three species were found Since they all can be found as Malva, comparing their different extracts and fractions is important since many compounds can be related to the final pharmacological effect in different ways. To investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of these plants, the inhibition of prostanoid release from stimulated cells was evaluated, as this will help to better understand the claimed actions of these plants based on their use in folk medicine
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