Abstract
As a part of the critical infrastructure, water supply systems must be characterized by an appropriate level of operational reliability and safety. One of the threats to this is the failure of the water supply network, influenced by many factors, among which we can distinguish internal factors related to the process of designing, construction and system operation, and external factors related to the impact of the environment. The paper presents the influence of negative daily temperature on the failure rate of the water supply network, taking into account the material of the pipes, their diameters, and the cause of failure. The research was carried out on operational data from the period 2004–2018 from the water supply network in a city located in south-eastern Poland. The relationship between the daily temperature and the failure rate of the water supply system has been shown. As the temperature values drop, the failure rate values increase. The biggest influence of the negative daily temperature on the water supply network failure rate is observed for cast iron pipes. PE and PVC pipes are more resistant to the influence of negative temperatures. The most common cause of failure is corrosion and unsealing of the pipes. Pipes with the diameters of 100, 150, 300, 350, and 400 mm in distribution and main networks turned out to fail most often. These results can be used by water supply companies to limit the influence of factors related to negative daily temperatures on the failure rate of the water supply network.
Highlights
Water supply systems, due to their belonging to critical infrastructure, must be characterized by an appropriate level of operational reliability and safety [1,2]
The results presented in the paper can be used by water supply companies to better manage the water supply network, in particular when planning the development of the network or renovation of existing sections, minimizing the impact of negative temperatures on the factors influencing the failure rate of the water supply network at an early stage of designing and building new network sections
The failure rate of the water supply network is influenced by many factors, including: climate, air temperature, ground temperature, ground freezing depth, water supply temperature, soil and water conditions, groundwater corrosivity, pipe material, pipe diameter, pressure in the water supply network, quality of design and construction of the network
Summary
Due to their belonging to critical infrastructure, must be characterized by an appropriate level of operational reliability and safety [1,2]. There have been several studies on the impact of climate change on the failure rate of the water supply network [16,18,20,21,23,24,26,27] They indicate that the biggest threat to the functioning of water supply networks will be changes related to the increase in temperature, intensifying hot periods, and drought [18,21,23]. On the other hand, depending on the direction of climate change, extreme weather phenomena, severe storms, long-term severe frosts may be observed, which have an negative impact on the reliability of the water supply network, causing increase of the failure rate values [16,18,23,24]
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