Abstract
Women's empowerment remains a challenge in optimizing human resources, particularly women, in productive activities that can enhance income and overall welfare. Limited women's involvement in economic, political, and labor sectors across most provinces in Indonesia highlights the urgency of this issue. This study aims to analyze the influence of women's empowerment factors—specifically the Gender Development Index (GDI/IPG), Gender Empowerment Index (GEI/IDG), Female Labor Force Participation Rate (TPAK Female), and Women's Wages—on per capita income as a proxy for economic growth in Indonesia. The research was conducted on 34 provinces in Indonesia over the period 2017–2021. The study employed a panel data regression analysis method using E-Views 13 software to identify relationships between the specified variables and per capita income. The results showed that the Gender Development Index (GDI) and Women's Wages have a significant positive effect on per capita income, indicating their importance in driving economic growth. However, the Gender Empowerment Index (GEI) and Female Labor Force Participation Rate (TPAK Female) did not show a significant effect on per capita income. These findings imply that efforts to improve women's wages and human development outcomes for women, such as health, education, and quality of life, are crucial in enhancing economic welfare. Policymakers should focus on strategies to reduce gender disparities and increase investments in women's education, skills, and income-generating opportunities to boost economic growth and achieve equitable development.
Published Version
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