Analysis of the application efficiency of the enzyme preparation Ladozim Proxy in the poultry industry

این تحقیق با هدف بررسی اثر گیرنده‌های محیطی هیستامین در حالات سیری و گرسنگی بر مصرف خوراک و آب، در جوجه‌های گوشتی انجام شد. 32 قطعه جوجه‌‌گوشتی یک روزه، تا 4 هفتگی به صورت گروهی پرورش یافتند، اما در هفته چهارم به صورت انفرادی نگهداری شدند. داده‌ها در قالب طرح اندازه‌گیری‌های تکرار شده در زمان تجزیه واریانس شدند و مقایسه میانگین‌ها با استفاده از آزمون LSMEANS صورت گرفت. تیمارها شامل کلرفنیرامین با مقادیر تزریقی40 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم، فاموتیدین با مقادیر 5/2 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم، هیستامین با مقادیر یک میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم و سرم فیزیولوژی بودند که در سن 4 هفتگی جوجه‌ها با حجم تزریقی 5/0 میلی‌لیتر و بصورت داخل صفاقی تزریق شدند. نتایج نشان دادند که بین میزان دریافت خوراک در جوجه‌های گرسنه با جوجه‌هایی که دسترسی آزاد به خوراک داشتند، اختلاف معنی‌داری وجود دارد، به طوریکه، هیستامین در حالت گرسنگی و سیری موجب کاهش در مصرف خوراک شد، ولی تأثیر هیستامین در حالت سیری قابل ملاحظه‌تر بود. تزریق کلرفنیرامین در هر دو حالت گرسنگی و سیری، موجب کاهش مصرف خوراک شد. فاموتیدین در در حالت گرسنگی اثری بر میزان مصرف خوراک نداشت ولی حالت سیری موجب کاهش مصرف خوراک گردید. در رابطه با مصرف آب می‌توان گفت که کلرفنیرامین موجب کاهش مصرف آب پرندگان گردید در حالی که مهار گیرنده‌های H2 هیستامین توسط فاموتیدین، سبب افزایش مصرف آب در حالت گرسنگی و سیری شد. به طور کلی دو گیرنده‌ H1 و H2 در میزان اشتها و دریافت خوراک و آب دخالت دارند.

Heat stress-induced reduction in feed intake is an annoyance of the poultry industry. Feed intake is regulated by complex mechanisms in which brain-gut neuropeptides are involved, but the changes in such neuropeptides in broiler chickens during heat exposure remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute heat stress (35°C, 6 h, and 65% relative humidity) on the gene expression of appetite-regulating peptides in the hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens at 42 d of age. The hypothalamic mRNA levels of neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide, pro-opiomelanocortin, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, corticotropin-releasing hormone, melanocortin 4 receptor, melanin-concentrating hormone, prepro-orexin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and ghrelin did not significantly change (P>0.05) in the heat-exposed broiler chickens. However, the mRNA levels of ghrelin in the glandular stomach, duodenum, and jejunum significantly increased and the mRNA level of CCK in the duodenum significantly decreased. The results indicate that acute heat stress had no effect on the gene expression of central appetite-regulating peptides under current experimental conditions; however, some gastrointestinal tract peptides (e.g., ghrelin and CCK) might play a role in the regulation of appetite in acute heat-exposed broiler chickens. Furthermore, ghrelin in the glandular stomach, duodenum, and jejunum might be the main regulative target of acute heat stress induced anorexia.

Five experiments were carried out at Department of Animal Science of Federal University of Vicosa to determine the energetic and nutritional values of sunflower meal (SFM) and the use of SFM in diets for broiler chickens. Two experiments were carried out to determine corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), through the method of total excreta collection with broiler chickens, and corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) and true digestibility of amino acids of (SFM), through the method of forced feeding with cecectomized roosters. The SFM used presented 89.95% of DM, 28.09% of CP, 4,429 kcal/kg of CE, 22.37% of CF, 2.87 of EE, 0.83% of P and 0.30% of Ca. The TMEn and AMEn were 2,200 and 1,983 kcal/kg, respectively. The values of lysine, methionine, and threonine were 0.68, 0.54, and 0.82, respectively. A trial was carried out at to evaluate the performance, carcass yield and cuts, and economic viability of broilers fed with diets containing different levels of inclusion 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of SFM. With inclusion of SFM the feed intake reduced linearly in the initial phase and the feed:gain ratio improved linearly in the total period, while there was quadratic effect to feed:gain ratio in the initial phase. No significant differences were found for carcass yield and cuts. And two experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the performance, carcass yield and cuts, and economic viability of broiler chickens fed with diets containing two different levels of SFM (0% and 20%), with or without enzymatic complex supplementation (EC) (Cellulase, β-glucanase, xylanase and phytase) and the values of AMEn of initial diets. No interactions were observed between the SFM and EC on the performance of animals. While the SFM has significantly decreased the feed intake in the initial phase and the total period, weight gain did not differ during these phases. In all stages there was improvement in feed:gain ratio with the use of SFM, probably due to the inclusion levels of oil in the diet, which might have improved digestibility. There was a significant increase in weight gain with the use of EC in the initial phase. There was no significant effect of SFM and EC on carcass yield or cuts. There was no significant effect of adding EC on the values of AMEn of diets, but the addition of EC significantly improved apparent coefficients of metabolizability of phosphorus and calcium.

Simple SummaryOver the years, there has been an increase in the price of traditionally used protein sources such as soybean meal (SBM) in broiler feed. This has necessitated the need for alternative protein sources that can partially substitute the SBM protein and reduce the cost of feeding. Sunflower meal (SFM), a by-product from the oil processing industry, is available in significantly high quantities throughout the year at lower cost. SFM can be produced in drought-stricken places with good harvest and is less prone to fungal infestation. Although SFM has protein levels ranging between 32 and 37 percent, its inclusion levels in broiler diets have been limited to 5% due to high concentration of non-starch polysaccharides, low metabolizable energy and lysine levels. This presents challenges in feed manufacturing, since composition depends on the amount of oil extracted and retained hulls, with effects on the digestive efficiency of broiler chicks, especially in the first 21 d of growth. The use of multi-enzymes that target specific substrates in SFM can potentially allow an increase in its inclusion levels, thereby reducing the deleterious anti-nutritional effects from non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs). Additionally, multienzyme supplementation can result in flock uniformity and environmental pollution reduction due to less nutrient loss in manure.The study examined the effect of de-hulled sunflower meal (SFM) inclusion rate and exogenous enzymes (EE) on broilers production performance. A four-feeding phase of pre-starter (1–9 d), grower (10–20 d), finisher (21–28 d) and post-finisher (29–35 d) was used with SFM included as low (BSL) and high (BSH) in all phases. BLS inclusion was 3% throughout phases and BSH inclusion was 7.5%, 10%, 13% and 13.5% for the 4-phases. Each SFM had a negative control (NC) (BSL− and BSH−) and positive (PC) (BSL+ and BSH+) control with additional 80 kcal Apparent Metabolizable Energy. Enzymes: xylanase (X), xylanase + beta-glucanase (XB), xylanase + beta-glucanase + protease (XBP) and xylanase + amylase + protease (XAP) were added to the NC and PC to give 6 treatments. Pen body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) were determined at 9, 20, 28 and 35 d and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated accordingly. Diets were fed ad libitum to 1920 male Ross 308 broilers. Diet type, enzyme and diet by enzyme interactions were not significantly different amongst treatment diets. During the pre-starter and the grower phase, all studied parameters did not significantly differ from each other. All studied parameters were significantly influenced by enzyme addition and diet-type and enzyme interaction at 35 d except for diet type on FCR. Broilers fed BSH supplemented with XAP recorded the highest BWG (2.69 kg), whereas broiler chickens on BSL and supplemented with XBP recorded the lowest BWG (2.60 kg). SFM can be increased to 13% and 13.5% finisher and post-finisher diets without negatively affecting performance, and X and XAP enzymes can improve BWG of broilers grown to 35 d.

L-Aspartate (L-Asp), D-aspartate (D-Asp) or their chemical conjugates plays important physiological roles in regulating food intake, plasma metabolites and thermoregulation in animals. However, there are very few studies available in layers and no reports have been found in broilers. Broilers are very important commercial birds for meat production, so effects of L- or D-Asp in broilers would provide new physiological insight of this strain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of oral administration of L- or D-Asp on feed intake, rectal temperature and some plasma metabolites in broiler chicks. Broiler chicks (5 days old) were orally administered with different doses (0, 3.75, 7.5 and 15 mmol/kg body weight) of L- or D-Asp. At 120 min after administration of L- or D-Asp, the blood was immediately collected through the jugular vein. The rectal temperature of chicks was measured at 30, 60 and 120 min after administration using a digital thermometer with an accuracy of ±0.1°C, by inserting the thermistor probe in the rectum to a depth of 2 cm. A repeated-measures two-way ANOVA was applied for the analysis of feed intake and rectal temperature. Plasma metabolites were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and regression equations. The study showed that oral administration of both L- and D-Asp did not alter feed intake. However, D-Asp, but not L-Asp, dose-dependently decreased the rectal temperature in chicks. It was also found that D-Asp increased plasma glucose and decreased triacylglycerol concentrations. The changes in plasma metabolites further indicate that D-Asp treatment modulates the energy metabolism in broiler chicks. In conclusion, D-Asp may be a beneficial nutrient not only for layers but also for broilers, since orally administered D-Asp lowered rectal temperature without reducing feed intake.

Thirty-two female crossbred pigs (initial weight 75 kg) were used in this experiment to investigate the effect of differing porcine somatotropin (pST) regimes on growth performance. Pigs were kept in individual pens and fed ad libitum a wheat-based diet formulated to contain 14.4 MJ DE/kg and 180 g ideal protein/kg. Treatments were daily injection with saline (Sal), daily injection with pST (5 mg) (D), bi-daily injection with pST (10 mg) (2D), and injection with pST (12 mg) every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday (MWF). On the days that pigs were not receiving pST they were injected with saline (0.5 mL). All pST regimes caused a reduction ( P < 0.001) in feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR), although there was no significant effect on average daily gain. Feed intake decreased after the first injection and, for the D group, remained low and constant. Feed intake for the 2D group was also reduced but not to as great an extent as for the D group. Feed intake in the MWF group showed a clear temporal response, being low during the week but increasing over the latter part of the weekend. Thus, feed intake from Sunday until Monday mornings was 400 g greater ( P < 0.001) than from Saturday until Sunday mornings. Therefore, it appears that the effects of pST on feed intake may be reduced when a 3-day interval is used between injections. Back fat was significantly reduced with all pST injection regimes, whereas estimated fat deposition was only significantly reduced in the D and 2D pigs. Plasma urea nitrogen was increased, whereas glucose was decreased during pST administration and the average concentrations of both metabolites during the first week of administration were strongly related ( P < 0.001) to FCR over the full 3 weeks of the study ( R = 0.733 and -0.683, respectively). Although daily injection with pST appears to give the greatest reduction in feed intake and fat deposition, an alternative pST injection regime involving less frequent pST injections can also improve growth performance similarly in finisher pigs.

Pretreating fibrous feedstuffs with exogenous enzymes may improve their utilization in broiler chickens. Pretreatment of wheat middlings (WM) and sunflower meal (SM) with fiber degrading enzymes (FDE) was investigated for 1) in vitro solubilization of crude protein (CP) and fiber-degrading (experiment 1), and 2) apparent retention (AR) of CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), as well as the concentration of ceca digesta metabolites in broiler chickens (experiment 2). In experiment 1, WM was pretreated with FDE and SM with FDE ± protease and incubated in a shaker for 24 or 48 h at 40°C and 200 rpm. Samples were centrifuged, and the supernatant used for assay of sugars and organic acids and pellet processed for determination of apparent disappearance (AD) of dry matter (DM), fiber, and CP solubilization. In experiment 2, WM and SM were pretreated with FDE for 24 h, oven-dried, and incorporated in iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous experimental diets. Diets were: 1) a corn-soybean meal positive control (PC); 2) PC plus untreated WM and SM (negative control, NC), and diets 3, 4, 5, and 6 test diets, in which the untreated WM and SM in NC were replaced with pretreated WM and SM at 25% (N25), 50% (N50), 75% (N75), and 100% (N100), respectively. Diets were prepared in mash form in two phases (starter, days 0 to 21 and finisher, days 22 to 42) and had TiO2 (0.3%) as an indigestible marker. A total of 288 Ross708 d-old male broiler chicks were placed in cages based on body weights (6 birds/cage) and allocated diets (n = 8). Birds had free access to feed and water. Samples of excreta for AR and AMEn, and of ceca digesta for the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were collected at the end of each phase. Pretreatment with FDE increased (P < 0.001) solubilization of CP, AD of NDF, and release of sugars and organic acids in the supernatant. The mixture of FDE and protease further increased (P < 0.001) CP solubilization in SM. Feeding pretreated WM and SM had a linear response (P ≤ 0.038) on AMEn, and gross energy (GE) (day 21) and a quadratic response (P < 0.05) on AR of components and AMEn (day 42) and concentration of total SCFA on day 42. On day 42, N25 and N50 had higher AR of DM, CP, NDF, and GE than N75 and N100. In conclusion, pretreatment of WM and SM with enzymes increased CP and fiber degradation. Incorporating moderate amounts (N25 and N50) of pretreated WM and SM in a corn-soybean meal diet fed to broiler chickens improved nutrient and energy utilization.

Sunflower meal (SM) is an economically important, inexpensive, and locally abundant alternative protein source in the Eurozone. The study aimed at investigating the effects of feeding two forms of SM on the production traits, carcass composition, nutrient digestibility, and some gut parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 600-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were fed five isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. Besides the control diet (C), the high- and low-fibre SMs (HFSM and LFSM) were fed at 20% (HFSM20 and LFSM20) and 30% (HFSM30 and LFSM30). Compared to the C, feeding the SM-containing diets did not affect the feed intake (FI) of birds. In the finisher phase, the HFSM30 treatment resulted in significantly higher, while the LFSM30 diet in significantly lower body weight gain. All SM treatments impaired FCR, but the difference was significant only in the grower phase. In comparison with the C, the SM treatments failed to modify carcass composition. The fat digestibility and the AMEn content increased, while the starch digestibility decreased when SM was fed. Except the LFSM30 treatment in the grower phase, the Nitrogen retention of birds was not affected. The SM-containing diets reduced the urinary N excretion, and the total N excretion of growers. Furthermore, the HFSM30 reduced the jejunal viscosity during the grower and finisher phases. The treatments did not modify the short-chain fatty acid contents of the caeca. In conclusion, SM can be used even at 20 and 30% in the nutrition of broiler chickens. However, the responses are affected by the age and the fibre content of SM.

Hypophagia-induced weight loss in mice, rats, and guinea pigs treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin

Control of protein degradation in the rumen for improving protein efficiency and reducing polluting emissions

Nutritive value of rumen contents for monogastric animals

In the present study, effect of inclusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) in ochratoxin A (OTA) contaminated diet to ameliorate ochratoxicosis in broiler chickens was investigated. Day-old broiler chicks (240) were divided into 6 treatment groups (T1, control; T2, T1 + 200 ppb OTA; T3,T1 + 0.05% SC; T4, T1 + 0.1% SC; T5, T2 + 0.05% SC; T6, T2 + 0.1% SC). Each diet was fed to 5 replicated groups of 8 birds each from 0 to 42 days of age. During overall growth period (0–6 weeks), the body weight gain (BWG) of birds in ochratoxin alone fed group (T2) was lower than that of control group (T1). The BWG of group T5 was higher than T2 but lower than that of control (T1) indicating that addition of S. cerevisiae at 0.05% level partially ameliorated the adverse effects of ochratoxicosis on BWG of birds. The BWG in group T6 was higher than T2 and statistically equal to that of control, indicating that addition of S. cerevisiae at 0.1% level to the ochratoxin contaminated feed ameliorated the adverse effects of ochratoxin on BWG. Ochratoxin contamination in diet caused significant reduction in feed intake. Addition of S. cerevisiae to the ochratoxin contaminated feed ameliorated the adverse effects of ochratoxicosis on feed consumption. During 0–6 weeks of age, the FCR of control group (T1) was lower than that of ochratoxin alone fed group (T2). Ochratoxin (200 ppb) contamination of broiler diet caused higher mortality compared to control. Inclusion of S. cerevisiae (0.1%) to the ochratoxin contaminated feed improved FCR and reduced mortality. Supplementation of 0.1% S. cerevisiae to the 200 ppb OTA contaminated diet also resulted in significant improvement in the relative weight of liver and bursa. It was concluded that 200 ppb ochratoxin in broiler diet impaired the production performance in terms of body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, mortality and relative organ weights. Incorporation of 0.1% S. cerevisiae to the ochratoxin contaminated diet ameliorated the ill effects of ochratoxicosis as evidenced through production performance and relative weight of organs during 0–6 weeks of age in broiler chickens.

With the growing global demand for animal protein and rising temperatures caused by climate change, heat stress (HS) is one of the main emerging environmental challenges for the poultry industry. Commercially-reared birds are particularly sensitive to hot temperatures, so adopting production systems that mitigate the adverse effects of HS on bird performance is essential and requires a holistic approach. Feeding and nutrition can play important roles in limiting the heat load on birds; therefore, this review aims to describe the effects of HS on feed intake (FI) and nutrient digestibility and to highlight feeding strategies and nutritional solutions to potentially mitigate some of the deleterious effects of HS on broiler chickens. The reduction of FI is one of the main behavioral changes induced by hot temperatures as birds attempt to limit heat production associated with the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients. Although the intensity and length of the heat period influences the type and magnitude of responses, reduced FI explains most of the performance degradation observed in HS broilers, while reduced nutrient digestibility appears to only explain a small proportion of impaired feed efficiency following HS. Targeted feeding strategies, including feed restriction and withdrawal, dual feeding, and wet feeding, have showed some promising results under hot temperatures, but these can be difficult to implement in intensive rearing systems. Concerning diet composition, feeding increased nutrient and energy diets can potentially compensate for decreased FI during HS. Indeed, high energy and high crude protein diets have both been shown to improve bird performance under HS conditions. Specifically, positive results may be obtained with increased added fat concentrations since lipids have a lower thermogenic effect compared to proteins and carbohydrates. Moreover, increased supplementation of some essential amino acids can help support increased amino acid requirements for maintenance functions caused by HS. Further research to better characterize and advance these nutritional strategies will help establish economically viable solutions to enhance productivity, health, welfare, and meat quality of broilers facing HS.

Este trabalho foi realizado durante o verão de 1995/96 com o objetivo de determinar o nível de aflatoxinas (AFL) capaz de causar prejuízos no desempenho de perus de corte criados sob condições ambientais de baixo desafio, bem como avaliar a eficácia da adição de bentonita sódica natural (BSN) como um adsorvente. Foram utilizados 1008 perus de corte, alojados em 84 boxes seguindo um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com 14 tratamentos distribuídos em um arranjo fatorial 7x2, sendo 7 níveis de adição de AFL, (0, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 e 2000ppb) e 2 níveis de adição de BSN (0 e 0,5%). Aos 21 dias de idade, as aves alimentadas com as dietas sem adição de BSN mostraram uma redução significativa (P&lt;0,05) no ganho de peso (GP) e no consumo de ração (CR) com níveis de AFL iguais ou superiores a 500ppb, enquanto que aves alimentadas com as dietas com 0,5% de BSN mostraram redução significativa (P&lt;0,05) no GP e CR apenas à partir de 1000ppb de AFL. Estes mesmos resultados foram observados aos 40 dias de idade, entretanto aos 70 dias ocorreu uma redução significativa (P&lt;0,05) no GP e CR das aves à partir de 500ppb de AFL, com ou sem adição de BSN, demonstrando um efeito cumulativo desta micotoxina. Em geral, em todos os níveis de adição de AFL que ocorreu redução significativa no GP e CR das aves, esta foi cerca de 15 a 20% menor nos grupos alimentados com 0,5% de BSN. A conversão alimentar (CA) das aves foi menos afetada pelos níveis de AFL dietéticos, embora tenha existido uma tendência de piora na CA com altos níveis de AFL, em todas as idades. Aflatoxinas tiveram um grande efeito sobre a taxa de mortalidade (%MOR), sendo que já aos 21 dias a %MOR verificada nos lotes que receberam 1000 e 2000ppb de AFL, sem BSN, foi de 15,3 e 72,2%, respectivamente. Antes de completar 40 dias de experimento, 100% das aves alimentados com dietas contendo 2000 ppb de AFL, sem e com BSN, morreram. A adição de 0,5% BSN proporcionou uma redução média de 35% na %MOR em comparação aves alimentadas com dietas sem BSN. Com base nos resultados pode ser concluído que AFL são extremamente deletérias aos perus e que a adição de 0,5% de BSN na ração protege parcialmente os perus dos efeitos negativos desta micotoxina.

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of processed velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) on performance in broiler chickens. After harvesting, the velvet beans were processed to reduce the effect of anti-nutritional factors. The beans where de-coated by cracking and socking in cold water. The water was changed after every 24hours, for six days until the black colour was removed, which could be observed by failure to further taint the water black or grey. After this, the seeds where then cooked for six hours, dried, ground and then mixed with other ingredients to formulate the experimental diets. Diets were formulated to contain 0, 5, 10 and 15% levels of processed velvet bean seed meal respectively. Two hundred unsexed day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into eight different pens with 25 birds per pen. The four diets of graded Velvet bean levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of the soya bean portion where randomly assigned to the 8 pens of chicks such that there were two pens or replicates per each diet in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD). Results of the feeding trial showed that average weights of livers, spleen and gizzards generally decreased with increase in proportion of velvet bean in the diet. Broiler performance was compromised with inclusion levels of above 5% as was demonstrated with drastic reduction in feed intake, weights and feed utilisation efficiency. The results revealed that up to 5% processed velvet bean could be included in broiler diets without significant deleterious effects on performance.