Analysis of iterative learning control for a class of fractional differential equations

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In this paper, we discuss PD-type learning control law for linear differential equations of fractional order \(\alpha \in (1,2)\). We derive convergence results for open-loop and closed-loop iterative learning schemes with zero initial error and random but bounded initial error in the sense of \(\lambda \)-norm by utilizing properties of Mittag–Leffler functions. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity of the design methods.