Abstract
Tissue engineering provides new hope for the combination of cells, scaffolds, and bifactors for bone osteogenesis. This is achieved by mimicking the bone’s natural behavior in recruiting the cell’s molecular machinery for our use. Many researchers have focused on developing an ideal scaffold with specific features, such as good cellular adhesion, cell proliferation, differentiation, host integration, and load bearing. Various types of coating materials (organic and non-organic) have been used to enhance bone osteogenesis. In the last few years, RNA-mediated gene therapy has captured attention as a new tool for bone regeneration. In this review, we discuss the use of RNA molecules in coating and delivery, including messenger RNA (mRNA), RNA interference (RNAi), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) on different types of scaffolds (such as polymers, ceramics, and metals) in osteogenesis research. In addition, the effect of using gene-editing tools—particularly CRISPR systems—to guide RNA scaffolds in bone regeneration is also discussed. Given existing knowledge about various RNAs coating/expression may help to understand the process of bone formation on the scaffolds during osseointegration.
Highlights
Successful bone implants depend on well-established osteointegration which is highly relevant in implant design and/or coatings
We provide an overview of the effect of using different types of scaffolds based on RNAs family molecules as an organic coating, including messenger RNA (mRNA), miRNA, small interfering RNA (siRNA), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) for bone formation applications
SMAT-Ti Poly (PEG) 3D hybrid scaffolds (Composite ink made of polycaprolactone (PCL)/ poly(D,L-lactide-coglycolide) (PLGA)/ hydroxyapatite nano-particles ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP)
Summary
Successful bone implants depend on well-established osteointegration which is highly relevant in implant design and/or coatings. Various scaffolding materials with different coatings have generated an enormous interest in developing an implants to match bone features (Leng et al, 2020). The repair and regeneration of bone tissue is a complex procedure, and designing different biomaterials with load-related growth factors is one of the essential strategies in the bone regeneration field. RNA-Based Scaffolds for Osteogenesis approach has some limitation in practical applications, such as the difficulty in transporting these growth factors to damaged areas and maintaining long-term high concentrations (Zhang et al, 2018). We provide an overview of the effect of using different types of scaffolds based on RNAs family molecules as an organic coating, including mRNA, miRNA, siRNA, and lncRNA for bone formation applications. The importance of using CRISPR based genome editing to guide the RNA for bone formation is highlighted
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