Abstract
Disorders affecting the forestomach in large ruminants pose significant challenges to livestock health and productivity, warranting comprehensive understanding and management strategies. This review explores the multifactorial etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic interventions for forestomach disorders in large ruminants, including rumen acidosis, bloat, ruminal impaction and traumatic reticuloperitonitis. Emphasis is placed on the role of nutrition, microbial flora imbalance, management practices, and environmental factors in predisposing animals to these conditions. Diagnostic modalities, ranging from clinical examination to advanced imaging laboratory techniques, are discussed for accurate diagnosis and timely intervention. Furthermore, therapeutic option, including dietary adjustments, rumenotomy and supportive care, are elucidated, along with preventive measures aimed at minimizing the occurrence and impact of forestomach disorders in large ruminants A holistic approach encompassing proper nutrition, herd management, and veterinary oversight is imperative for mitigating the economic and welfare implication associated with these disorders.
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