Abstract
Austenitic 316L stainless steel has been the most widely acceptable biomaterial for producing implants. The downside of this material includes the leaching of nickel ions from the matrix that limits its’ usage in implant manufacturing. In this research, production of stainless steel alloy modified with boron and titanium is investigated. The sintering of the alloy systems is carried out in nitrogen atmosphere for a dwell time of 8 h. The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals that dwell time and alloy composition leads to the formation of strong nitrides and borides. The X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) results show the presence of nitrogen on to the surface of sintered specimens. The nitride layer on the surface of the specimens is helpful in the retention of nickel ions in the stainless steel matrix, as indicated in the weight loss measurements. The cytotoxicity assessment indicates that the developed alloys are biocompatible and can be used as implant materials.
Highlights
Among the commercially available biomaterials, stainless steel (SS) has been the material of choice since the 1930s, when the first hip replacement was carried out for orthopedic patient using a stainless steel material [1,2]
316L stainless steel sintered in nitrogen atmosphere with increased dwell time can help in diffusion of nitrogen into the matrix, thereby forming its respective nitrides as discussed in the X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and FESEM mapping analysis
The sintering parameters helped in formation of a strong nitride layer onto the surface of the samples, as discussed in the X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis
Summary
Among the commercially available biomaterials, stainless steel (SS) has been the material of choice since the 1930s, when the first hip replacement was carried out for orthopedic patient using a stainless steel material [1,2]. Since this material has gained an incredible attention due to its cheaper cost, adequate mechanical properties, and biocompatibility [3,4]. The oxide layer along with other elements present in the matrix enhances corrosion resistance of this type of steel and makes it a better choice among other biomaterials. The implants manufactured from 316L SS possess an adequate strength and ease of Metals 2019, 9, 755; doi:10.3390/met9070755 www.mdpi.com/journal/metals
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