Abstract
Abstract. Knowledge of past variations in sea-ice extent is crucial for understanding the relationship between climate change and changes in sea ice. Diatom assemblages could be applied as a proxy for paleo-sea-ice extent; this requires accurate information on the modern species that are indicative of sea ice. Scanning electron microscope observations were performed on modern diatom assemblages in sea ice, sinking particles, and surface sediments in the Sea of Okhotsk. A sea-ice sample was collected in the southwestern Sea of Okhotsk near Hokkaido island in February 2013. Fragilariopsis cylindrus was the dominant diatom species in the sea-ice sample, accounting for 87 % of the total diatom assemblage. Time-series sediment traps were deployed during 1998–2000 at two stations, M4 and M6, off Sakhalin island. Total diatom fluxes ranged from 105 to 108 valves m−2 d−1 with noticeable seasonality. During the sea-ice covering period, the total diatom flux decreased by 1 or 2 orders of magnitude. The highest diatom fluxes were observed in spring and summer. The diatom species composition in sinking particles also showed pronounced seasonal changes. During summer and fall, the Shionodiscus trifultus group and Neodenticula seminae were the major diatom taxa. During the sea-ice covering period, Fragilariopsis cylindrus and Bacterosira bathyomphala resting spores were abundant. Both the sea-ice-related species showed similar flux patterns except for the spring bloom after sea-ice retreat: F. cylindrus fluxes exhibited pronounced spring bloom peaks of 108 valves m−2 d−1; in contrast, the fluxes of Bacterosira bathyomphala resting spores during the spring bloom were 1 order of magnitude lower than those of F. cylindrus. Surface-sediment core XP98-MC4 was obtained near station M6 sediment-trap site off Sakhalin island. The relative abundance of Fragilariopsis cylindrus in the surface-sediment diatom assemblage was only 6.4 %, markedly lower than that in the sediment-trap samples (43.4 %). In the surface sediment, the relative abundances of diatom taxa with heavily silicified valves such as B. bathyomphala resting spores, Shionodiscus variantius, and Thalassionema nitzschioides were greater than their relative abundances in sinking particles.
Highlights
We present seasonal diatom fluxes based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations of diatoms from samples obtained between August 1998 and June 2000 at two sediment-trap stations deployed off Sakhalin in the western Sea of Okhotsk, where seasonal sea-ice cover is present during winter and spring
Dense shelf water is transported to the south by the East Sakhalin Current and forms the Sea of Okhotsk Intermediate Water (SOIW) as a result of mixing with waters originating from the Sea of Japan and the subarctic Pacific (Itoh et al, 2003)
We have identified ice-algal diatoms in the Sea of Okhotsk and divided them into two groups: (1) F. cylindrus, an ice alga living in sea ice; and (2) sea-ice-related diatoms living in neritic cold water associated with sea ice (B. bathyomphala resting spores, F. oceanica/pseudonana/reginae-jahniae, T. antarctica, T. nordenskioeldii, T. hyalina, D. confervacea, and T. bulbosa)
Summary
Our knowledge of ice algae in the Sea of Okhotsk remains at a preliminary stage This lack of information hampers attempts to reconstruct past sea-ice cover based on the sedimentary records of diatom assemblages. We present seasonal diatom fluxes based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations of diatoms from samples obtained between August 1998 and June 2000 at two sediment-trap stations deployed off Sakhalin in the western Sea of Okhotsk, where seasonal sea-ice cover is present during winter and spring. The results of the study provide fundamental information for the reconstruction of past sea-ice cover based on ice-algal diatoms in sediments of the Sea of Okhotsk and the subarctic Pacific. Because the SOIW is a source of North Pacific Intermediate Water, sea-ice formation in the Sea of Okhotsk plays a key role in ocean ventilation in the North Pacific (Talley, 1991; Yasuda, 1997; Shcherbina et al, 2003)
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