Abstract
Electrochemical sensors are powerful tools for the detection and real-time monitoring of a wide variety of analytes. However, the long-term operation of Faradaic sensors in complex media is challenging due to fouling. The protection of the electrode surface during in vivo operation is a key element for improving the monitoring of analytes. Here, we study different EUDRAGIT® controlled release acrylate copolymers for protecting electrode surfaces. The dissolution of these polymers—namely EUDRAGIT® L 30 D-55 and EUDRAGIT® FS 30 D—is triggered by a change in pH of the environment, and it is electrochemically monitored by detecting electrode access by means of a redox probe. The full dissolution of the polymer is achieved within 30 min and the electrode response indicates a complete recovery of the original electrochemical performance. We demonstrate that amperometric sensing is a practical and straightforward technique for real-time and in situ sensing of EUDRAGIT® dissolution profiles. It will find future applications in determining the protection of polymer electrode coating in real matrices and in vivo applications.
Highlights
Real-time data are essential in many research fields ranging from monitoring of contaminants in rivers—allowing an early response in case of critical pollution events [1]—to the continuous monitoring of glucose—enabling better insulin dose decisions [2].Real-time monitoring is challenging in the field of implantable and ingestible sensors [3,4]
EUDRAGIT® FS 30 D, EUDRAGIT® L 30 D-55 and PlasACRYLTM excipients were provided by Evonik Industries
EUDRAGIT® L 30 D-55 and FS 30 D copolymers were studied using electrochemical techniques. These two copolymers were deposited as thin films and their dissolution behavior was investigated by changing the pH
Summary
Real-time data are essential in many research fields ranging from monitoring of contaminants in rivers—allowing an early response in case of critical pollution events [1]—to the continuous monitoring of glucose—enabling better insulin dose decisions [2].Real-time monitoring is challenging in the field of implantable and ingestible sensors [3,4]. Real-time monitoring of analyte concentration profiles in the GI tract will provide valuable information about food fermentation and the effects of different diets as well as medical and nutritional supplements [6]. Such a non-invasive in vivo methodology will be very valuable for monitoring regions of the body which are difficult to access with conventional methods, but challenging due to the continuous exposure to an aggressive and complex environment (aiming to digest everything) [7]. The gastrointestinal tract is an excellent example of an environment that would benefit from continuous and reliable monitoring for detecting specific biomarkers [8], but its exploration is still limited to invasive techniques and ex vivo laboratory assessment
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