Abstract
Simple SummaryGood animal welfare requires minimizing suffering and promoting positive experiences. To achieve this, we need reliable indicators of animals’ psychological states. In humans, different moods and emotions (“affects”) are associated with changes in visual attention (“attention bias”). We review studies investigating whether attention biases are also indicators of affect in animals. Although research is limited, evidence for affect-driven attention biases has been found in several species, especially primates and livestock. These studies are discussed in relation to tasks developed for measuring attention in humans. We identify additional findings from human psychology that might be applied to animals, particularly species not studied before, and conclude that affect-driven attention bias is a promising welfare indicator. However, it may be more useful for studying responses to specific stimuli, rather than general wellbeing. With further study, we hope these findings contribute to fulfilling society’s ethical obligations towards animals.Attention bias describes the differential allocation of attention towards one stimulus compared to others. In humans, this bias can be mediated by the observer’s affective state and is implicated in the onset and maintenance of affective disorders such as anxiety. Affect-driven attention biases (ADABs) have also been identified in a few other species. Here, we review the literature on ADABs in animals and discuss their utility as welfare indicators. Despite a limited research effort, several studies have found that negative affective states modulate attention to negative (i.e., threatening) cues. ADABs influenced by positive-valence states have also been documented in animals. We discuss methods for measuring ADAB and conclude that looking time, dot-probe, and emotional spatial cueing paradigms are particularly promising. Research is needed to test them with a wider range of species, investigate attentional scope as an indicator of affect, and explore the possible causative role of attention biases in determining animal wellbeing. Finally, we argue that ADABs might not be best-utilized as indicators of general valence, but instead to reveal specific emotions, motivations, aversions, and preferences. Paying attention to the human literature could facilitate these advances.
Highlights
Animal welfare science aims to reduce suffering and improve wellbeing [1,2]
We suggest welfare scientists adopt the term affect-driven attention biases (ADAB)
We evaluate ADAB as a welfare indicator and summarize studies conducted with animals to date
Summary
Animal welfare science aims to reduce suffering and improve wellbeing [1,2]. To achieve this, we need objective measures and standardised tests that quantify the psychological component of affect.animals cannot communicate verbally and we cannot measure their subjective experienceAnimals 2018, 8, 136; doi:10.3390/ani8080136 www.mdpi.com/journal/animalsAnimals 2018, 8, 136 directly [3]. Animal welfare science aims to reduce suffering and improve wellbeing [1,2]. Animals cannot communicate verbally and we cannot measure their subjective experience. Welfare scientists instead rely on indirect indicators, such as behaviour and physiology. This can be problematic, though, because behaviour is often species-specific, difficult to interpret, and varies between individuals (personality). It may only highlight extremes of welfare and can become dissociated from affective state, as in stereotypies [4]. Behavioural and physiological welfare indicators have traditionally focused on negative affect, but good welfare requires recognizing and promoting positive states [2]
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