Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticides are widely used to control various vectors and pests in agriculture, multiple industries, public health, green area servicing, and water reservoirs, among others. OP and PYR exposure cause respiratory, myocardial, and neuromuscular impairments in humans and acute toxicity in aquatic organisms and honeybees, respectively. Therefore, rapid, easy, sensitive, and quantitative OP and PYR detection methods are required. Immunoassays have been used in the detection of a variety of OP and PYR pesticides. In this review, we report the recent advances in immunoassays for detecting OPs and PYRs with an emphasis on the synthesis of haptens for immunogens and coating antigens, preparation, sensitivity, and specificity of antibodies, and extraction methods of OPs and PYRs. This review will assist in the development of sensitive and accurate analytical assays.
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