Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between exposure to organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticides with serum cytokine patterns and asthma-related outcomes among rural women workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted among rural women (n = 211), including those working and living on farms and nearby town dwellers. Pesticide exposure was assessed using urinary metabolite concentrations of OP and PYR pesticides. Health outcome assessment was ascertained through the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) questionnaire, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and serum cytokines associated with asthma. The prevalence of doctor-diagnosed asthma was 11%, adult-onset asthma 9%, and current asthma 6%. In this population, the proportion of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13) detectable in subjects was between 18% and 40%, while the proportion of non-Th2 cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, and interferon gamma) was between 35% and 71%. Most Th2 and non-Th2 cytokines were positively associated with either OP or PYR metabolites. Non-Th2 cytokines showed much stronger associations with OP metabolites (Dimethyl phosphate OR = 4.23; 95% CI: 1.54–11.65) than Th2 cytokines (Dimethyl phosphate OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 0.83–3.46). This study suggests that exposure to most OP and some PYR pesticides may be associated with asthma-related cytokines, with non-Th2 cytokines demonstrating consistently stronger relationships.
Highlights
Several studies have reported an association between pesticides and various health effects, including adverse respiratory health outcomes such as asthma, rhinitis, and non-specific respiratory symptoms [1,2,3,4,5]
Using these exposure proxy markers, the findings of this study suggest that a number of OP and some PYR pesticides are consistently positively associated with some asthma-related outcomes, which may be related to both Th2 and non-Th2 mechanisms, the latter pathway demonstrating consistently stronger relationships
This study has shown that most OP and some PYR pesticides are consistently positively associated with some asthma-related outcomes with distinguishable cytokine patterns
Summary
Several studies have reported an association between pesticides and various health effects, including adverse respiratory health outcomes such as asthma, rhinitis, and non-specific respiratory symptoms [1,2,3,4,5]. Various agents have been associated with these adverse respiratory health effects. These include organophosphate (OP) insecticides (diazinon, parathion, coumaphos, phorate, malathion, chlorpyrifos, terbufos, dichlorvos, and fonofos), carbamates (carbaryl), organochlorine insecticides. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 957; doi:10.3390/ijerph13100957 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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