Abstract
Birefringent acoustoelastic stress measurement has been performed on JIS-60 rail samples on the basis of the combination of noncontacting electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) and the superheterodyne phase-sensitive detector. Slight change of ultrasonic velocities with stresses can be detected using the resonance method for thin samples or using the phase-detection method in case of long propagation paths. Relative accuracy on the order of 10-6 is easily available with both approaches. Applied compressive stress up to 76 MPa (about 60 tons), which well exceeds the buckling load of long rails, is measured using the shear waves propagating normal to the stress axis at three portions of the rail (top-to-bottom, head, and web). The evaluated stress coincides with the stress calculated from the load and the cross-sectional area within a few MPa. Discussions on the effects of liftoff and residual stresses are provided.
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