Abbreviations in Late Documents Resolved (III)

Four term‐weighting schemes are used to detect information‐rich passages in texts and the results are compared. It is demonstrated that word categories and frequency‐derived weights have a close correlation but that weighting according to the first mention theory or the cue‐method shows no correlation with frequency‐based weights.

In this lesson you will learn about text reuse detection -- the automatic identification of reused passages in texts -- and why you might want to use it in your research. Through a detailed installation guide and two case studies, this lesson will teach you the ropes of Passim, an open source and scalable tool for text reuse detection.

It has been over 50 years since the publication of the final volume of the Coffin Texts in 1961, but one of the most extensive corpora of Egyptian texts is far from having been investigated with the degree of attention and accuracy it deserves. The scrutiny of the Coffin Texts can enlarge knowledge of Egyptian lexica, as these texts allow not only to refine the meanings of some words that have not been accurately defined yet, but even to reveal new words unattested in modern dictionaries. The examples in the first part of this article substantiate the point. Furthermore, the corpus of the Coffin Texts provides clues to some complicated passages in well-known texts. This is demonstrated in the second part of the article for the Instructions of Amenemhat.

In "The Way of the Dialetheist: Contradictions in Buddhist Philosophy," Deguchi, Garfield, and Priest argue that in some passages of some Buddhist texts contradictions are unambiguously asserted as straightforwardly literally true. It is proposed here to make sense of such assertions by means of a modified version of dialetheism, which says that some contradictions are true at impossible worlds understood within the framework of modal realism.

Notes on the elucidation of passages in texts from late antiquity obscured by the use of abbreviations and editorial misses, continued from APF 66 (2020) 346-58.

“And if the last racial Jew had been eliminated from the world”: Overview and previously hiddeninformation on Heimito von Doderer’s anti-Semitism.The article provides an overview of the anti-Semitism of the Austrian novelist Heimito vonDoderer (1896–1966). It presents his anti-Semitic novel project ›The Demons of the Ostmark‹,which was pursued in the 1930s, and shows problematic passages in texts after 1945 as well. Inaddition, explanations for also recognizable philo-Semitic traces are sought. A reading of the asyet unpublished ›Speech about the Jews‹ (1936) provides explosive results.

This story starts with a dream that I happened to tell a friend living in a low-income neighborhood in Delhi during the course of my work on urban poverty over the past decade. 1 The protagonist ofthisstoryisa Muslim man known for his piety. He has performed the haj, is engaged in local politics and is also a healer (amil) who uses forms of occult knowledge within the bounds of legitimate practice as set by the Quran and the hadith (the sayings of the Prophet). Hafiz Mian, as I shall call him, has often shared with me his concerns over how to maintain the purity of Islamic teaching in his life and especially in the healing practices he deploys to cure the many ills caused by beings of the unseen world. The term for the unseen world is neadeeda duniya – that which one cannot see with the eyes – and refers to beings of the occult world whose presence can be sensed with other organs such as that of hearing and touch, even if they cannot be seen. The figure of the guru emerges in this chapter not directly but in the context of our conversations about my dream and the story of Hafiz Mian’s own travails that it elicited. Hafiz Mian puzzled over the question of whether Hindu symbols in dreams of a Hindu man or woman could be regarded as the secret working of Shaiytan as some passages in texts on interpretation of dreams within Islam might be read to mean. Guru Maharaj, an unnamed guru – a figure of imagination – appears at an odd moment in Hafiz Mian’s stories though his actual relation to Guru Maharaj, or for that matter, any other guru, never emerges clearly. The guru here figures not in his own right but as someone who haunts the possibilities of transgression for a Muslim amil. I shall argue that unlike some other figures in Hafiz Mian’s narrative such as ‘the priest of the black knowledge (kale ilm ke pujari)’ – Guru Maharaj cannot be characterized as ‘evil’ though he has, of necessity, to traffic with evil. Hafiz Mian’s narrative manages to unsettle notions of clear boundaries between Islam and Hinduism, which does not imply that we can either assimilate his narrative within secular notions of equality of all religions, or, within notions of syncretism as a relational possibility between Hinduism and Islam.

Automatically recognizing in large electronic texts short selfcontained passages relevant for a user query is necessary for fast and accurate information access to large text archives. Surprisingly, most search engines practically do not provide any help to the user in this tedious task, just presenting a list of whole documents supposedly containing the requested information. We show how different sources of evidence can be combined in order to assess the quality of different passages in a document and present the highest ranked ones to the user. Specifically, we take into account the relevance of a passage to the user query, structural integrity of the passage with respect to paragraphs and sections of the document, and topic integrity with respect to topic changes and topic threads in the text. Our experiments show that the results are promising.

This article seeks to explain what made it possible for modern biblical scholars to ask whether the relationship between David and Jonathan in 1-2 Samuel should be regarded as sexual. The answer is to be found in the way the David and Jonathan narrative was read in the nineteenth century alongside passages in Greek and Roman texts that refer to analogous pairs of friends who had already become, or were on their way to becoming, tropes for homoeroticism.

This article is based primarily on a large-scale investigation into the socio-psychological mechanisms behind the influence of English on Danish. After refuting the commonly held set of beliefs holding that the influence of English can be controlled by the Danish educational institutions (English from above), the article first gives a brief presentation of Danish social domains on which English is having a particularly strong impact, and an overview of the linguistic manifestations of this influence on the Danish language. It then describes the sociolinguistic forces at work in the way English is introduced from below, through the Anglo-American youth subcultures in Denmark. Codeswitching to English in these subcultures is seen to be a value symbol on a par with subcultural styles of clothing and music, being a marker of identity and group solidarity. Thus, through peer-group norm enforcement, codeswitching to English becomes an integrated aspect of youth language in Denmark. As a school subject, English is highly prestigious as a key to participation in the internationalization process. The importance of learning English is recognized even by those whose knowledge of English is limited or nonexistent (the English-have-nots), though the latter are made to experience some of the problems of the functionally illiterate by the increasing use of English words and passages in Danish texts.

This article aims to demonstrate the anticipation made by the Scandinavian legal realism of important characteristics of the notion known as the internal point of view, according to Herbert Hart’s positivism. To do so, the ideas of Axel Hägerström and Alf Ross are explored. In the beginning of the text, a brief, although necessary, distinction between the Scandinavian and the American thoughts is shown, given that even Hart has equated both realisms in a critique against Ross’s work. Then, it is presented an analysis of passages in the texts of Hägerström and Ross, bearing in mind the objective of identifying some characteristics of the internal point of view. During the analysis, it is necessary to approach some aspects of Ross’s theory, like the distinction between valid law and law in force, besides his struggle against the reality/validity dualism, in a way that makes it possible and coherent to sustain that the Scandinavian legal realism is compatible with Hart’s positivism. Finally, the possibility of establishing a relation of complementarity between both theories is verified, and the importance of the study of Scandinavian legal realism – a field of legal thought not so explored in Brazil – is confirmed, given its originality and compatibility with the theory exposed and defended in “The Concept of Law”.

Aphrodite and Eros – the portrayal of these two gods and the depiction of their active intervention have a significant impact on the plots of numerous classical tragedies. Focussing upon a selection of dramas from Aeschylus to Seneca, the author demonstrates how the images of these two multifaceted gods have been transmitted and altered, at the same time that certain features have been preserved. The tension between a powerful Aphrodite, working on a cosmic scale, and a goddess whose influence is restricted to matters of personal love relationships – as it emerges from a survey of relevant passages in early epic texts – is palpable in tragedy as an oscillation between a goddess presented as a mighty authority, whose existence is never really questioned, and a conventional name devoid of substance, which is invoked only as an excuse. The emphasis on the destructive side of the twofold love gods is shown to be characteristic of tragedy. This is demonstrated particularly with regard to the motif of divine anger, which serves also as starting point for the concluding reflections on Theocritus, Ovid and Nonnus.

By pursuing an ecocritical reading, The Forest in Medieval German Literature examines passages in medieval German texts where protagonists operated in the forest and found themselves either in conflictual situations or in refuge. By probing the way the individual authors dealt with the forest, illustrating how their characters fared in this sylvan space, the role of the forest proved to be of supreme importance in understanding the fundamental relationship between humans and nature. The medieval forest almost always introduced an epistemological challenge: how to cope in life, or how to find one’s way in this natural maze. By approaching these narratives through modern ecocritical issues that are paired with premodern perspectives, we gain a solid and far-reaching understanding of how medieval concepts can aid in a better understanding of human society and nature in its historical context. This book revisits some of the best and lesser known examples of medieval German literature, and the critical approach used here will allow us to recognize the importance of medieval literature for a profound reassessment of our modern existence with respect to our own forests.

In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, music and law were closely related, though this area has not received systematic study in modern times. This paper considered the diverse connections between music and law by summarizing past and current research in four areas: laws relating to music, the use of law in theoretical works, the use of legal texts and ideas in musical works, and persons active in both legal and musical activities. Considering law as a sister discipline of music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance can help scholars explain obscure passages in musical texts, clarify ideas in music-theory treatises, and establish a broader perspective of the roles of both music and the law in society.

The paper presents several case studies on obscure words and passages in the Coffin Texts to demonstrate that this corpus remains significantly understudied and many of its current interpretations suffer from oversimplification. The comparative analysis of cognate passages and motifs throughout the Coffin and the Pyramid Texts highlights some so far unrecognized concepts in the early Egyptian mortuary texts and suggests that these texts are much more complicated than is commonly assumed.