Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) films prepared by bulk polymerization suffer from numerous deficiencies, including poor mass transfer ability and difficulty in controlling reaction rate and film thickness, which usually result in poor repeatability. However, polymer film synthesized by electropolymerization methods benefit from high reproducibility, simplicity and rapidity of preparation. In the present study, an Au film served as the refractive index-sensitive metal film to couple with the light leaked out from optical fiber core and the electrode for electropolymerizing MIP film simultaneously. The manufactured probe exhibited satisfactory sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, the surface morphology and functional groups of the synthesized MIP film were characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR) for further insights into the adsorption and desorption processes. Given the low cost, label-free test, simple preparation process and fast response, this method has a potential application to monitor substances in complicated real samples for out-of-lab test in the future.
Highlights
Melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine, MEL), a triazine analog with three amino groups, is widely used in the production of melamine formaldehyde resins for surface coatings, laminates, and adhesives [1].Containing a substantial amount of nitrogen (66.7%) by mass, MEL has been illegally added to dairy products to boost the apparent total nitrogen content reading
In September 2008, infant formulas illegally adulterated with MEL were found, which caused thousands of infants in China to suffer from kidney stones with subsequent renal failure and death if the infants were not treated [6,7,8]
Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) films prepared by bulk polymerization suffer from numerous deficiencies, including: (1) poor mass transfer and rebinding ability, (2) incomplete template removal during MIP preparation, (3) excessively long polymerization times, (4) difficulty in controlling reaction rates and film thicknesses [43,44], which usually result in poor repeatability
Summary
Melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine, MEL), a triazine analog with three amino groups, is widely used in the production of melamine formaldehyde resins for surface coatings, laminates, and adhesives [1].Containing a substantial amount of nitrogen (66.7%) by mass, MEL has been illegally added to dairy products to boost the apparent total nitrogen content reading. In 2004 and 2007 large outbreaks of nephrotoxic renal failure occurred in dogs and cats that were attributed to overdosing on melamine in adulterated pet food [4,5]. In September 2008, infant formulas illegally adulterated with MEL were found, which caused thousands of infants in China to suffer from kidney stones with subsequent renal failure and death if the infants were not treated [6,7,8]. Standard limits of 1 ppm (8 mM) for MEL in infant formula and 2.5 ppm (20 mM) in other milk products have been introduced by many countries [9,10]. In Canada, the maximum levels of melamine allowed in dried infant formula and other products containing milk are 0.5 ppm and 2.5 ppm, respectively [2]. Determination of melamine is of biological, clinical, and food industry importance
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