Abstract
Soil temperature, soil moisture, skin temperature and 2-m air temperature are examined from both ground observations and the offline community land model (CLM4). Two-layer soil moisture and three-layer soil temperature observations from six-year (2003–2008) ground measurements at the Lamont, Oklahoma site supported by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program of the Department of Energy (DOE) show clear vertical and temporal relations between soil temperature and soil moisture with surface skin temperature and 2-m air temperature. First, daily means reveal that all of these variables have clear seasonal variations, with temperatures peaking in summer and minimizing in winter as a result of surface insolation. Nevertheless, the 2-m air temperature and upper soil temperature (−0.05 m) peak at 2 h after that of surface skin temperature because of the lag of transport of heat from the skin level to the 2-m air and to underground respectively. As a result of such lag, at the monthly annual cycle scale, 2-m air temperature has higher correlation with upper soil temperature than skin temperature does. Second, there are little diurnal and annual variations at the lowest soil layer (−0.25 m). Third, a negative correlation (~−0.40) between skin temperature and soil moisture is observed, consistent with the expectation that heat flux and evaporation are competing physical processes for redistributing surface net radiation. Soil moisture, however, minimizes in March and maximizes in winter due to the local rainfall cycle. All of these key observed relations are qualitatively reproduced in the offline CLM4 using the atmosphere forcing derived from ARM observations. Nevertheless, CLM4 is too dry at the upper layer and has less variation at the lower layer than observed. In addition, CLM4 shows stronger correlation between Tsoil and Tskin (r = 0.96) than the observations (r = 0.64), while the predicted nighttime Tskin is 0.5–2 °C higher than the observations.
Highlights
Soil moisture is the quantitative water content in terms of volume or mass among soil probes
Previous studies have shown that soil moisture has a positive feedback on precipitation patterns [3,4] and various other physical processes such as surface humidity, surface insolation, snowmelt, and runoff [5,6,7,8]
The Offline Community Land Model (CLM4) [17], which is the land scheme coupled into the Community Earth System Model (CESM) developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), is examined using Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)-Lamont atmospheric forcing and evaluation data set for year 2004
Summary
Soil moisture is the quantitative water content in terms of volume (volumetric) or mass (gravimetric) among soil probes This variable determines various key soil thermodynamic properties, such as heat conductivity, hydroconductivity, and the Bowen ratio. Soil moisture interacts with soil temperature, skin temperature, and air temperature in controlling the exchange of water and heat energy between the land surface and the atmosphere through evaporation and plant transpiration. The relations among soil moisture, soil temperature, skin temperature, and air temperature are not well understood [4,12] At this stage, the most practical approach is to analyze the temporal variations of soil moisture and soil temperature from ground sites, study the vertical distributions of these variables, and reveal their relations with atmosphere and land surface processes.
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