A sensitive bioassay for spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) repellency: a double bond makes a difference

Abstract

Choice bioassays were used to determine repellency of homologous n-alkanes (C(8)H(18)-C(21)H(44)) to spider mites. When tested at 400 μg/cm(2), the C(15)-C(19) alkanes were highly repellent; the C(16) n-alkane, n-hexadecane, was most repellent. Subsequently the EC(50) values, the concentration at which 50% of the mites were repelled, were determined for the C(15)-C(19) n-alkanes and their analogous 1-n-alkenes (C(15)H(30)-C(19)H(38)). The EC(50) value for 1-heptadecene, the C(17) 1-n-alkene, was the lowest observed. Except for the 17-carbon hydrocarbons, the EC(50) values for the n-alkanes were less than those for their analogous 1-n-alkenes. Depending on the compounds evaluated, there was as much as a six-fold difference of repellency between an n-alkane its analogous 1-n-alkene. Thus, the bioassay has sufficient sensitivity to detect behavioral differences associated with the presence or absence of a single double bond. The EC(50) values for the most repellent hydrocarbons were similar to that reported for 2,3-dihydrofarnesoic acid, a naturally occurring repellent isolated from trichome secretions of a wild tomato, Solanum habrochaites, and also were similar to concentrations used to evaluate arthropod repellents. Consequently, this bioassay may be useful for providing a better understanding of the relationships between structures and activities of natural products that are repellent to spider mites.