Abstract
Over the past decade, electric vehicles (EVs) have been considered in a growing number of models and methods for vehicle routing problems (VRPs). This study presents a comprehensive survey of EV routing problems and their many variants. We only consider the problems in which each vehicle may visit multiple vertices and be recharged during the trip. The related literature can be roughly divided into nine classes: Electric traveling salesman problem, green VRP, electric VRP, mixed electric VRP, electric location routing problem, hybrid electric VRP, electric dial-a-ride problem, electric two-echelon VRP, and electric pickup and delivery problem. For each of these nine classes, we focus on reviewing the settings of problem variants and the algorithms used to obtain their solutions.
Highlights
Burning fossil fuels generates greenhouse gas (GHG), which is a major cause of climate change and global warming, and results in air pollution that damages human health (Schiffer and Walther, 2017)
Since its introduction by Dantzig and Ramser (1959), the vehicle routing problem (VRP) and its variants have been extensively studied during the last several decades and numerous research papers can be found in the literature
Roberti and Wen (2016) considered in the ETSP with time windows (ETSPTW) two recharging policies, namely, full recharging and partial recharging, and presented mixed integer programming (MIP) models for the problem under both recharging policies
Summary
Burning fossil fuels generates greenhouse gas (GHG), which is a major cause of climate change and global warming, and results in air pollution that damages human health (Schiffer and Walther, 2017). Since its introduction by Dantzig and Ramser (1959), the vehicle routing problem (VRP) and its variants have been extensively studied during the last several decades and numerous research papers can be found in the literature. Compared with the VRPs (see Fig. 1), the difficulty of using EVRPs results from the short driving range of the EVs and the necessity of recharging activities along the vehicle routes (see Fig. 2).
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