Abstract
Natural gas is considered a helpful transition fuel in order to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of other conventional power plants burning coal or liquid fossil fuels. Natural Gas Hydrates (NGHs) constitute the largest reservoir of natural gas in the world. Methane contained within the crystalline structure can be replaced by carbon dioxide to enhance gas recovery from hydrates. This technical review presents a techno-economic analysis of the full pathway, which begins with the capture of CO2 from power and process industries and ends with its transportation to a geological sequestration site consisting of clathrate hydrates. Since extracted methane is still rich in CO2, on-site separation is required. Focus is thus placed on membrane-based gas separation technologies widely used for gas purification and CO2 removal from raw natural gas and exhaust gas. Nevertheless, the other carbon capture processes (i.e., oxy-fuel combustion, pre-combustion and post-combustion) are briefly discussed and their carbon capture costs are compared with membrane separation technology. Since a large-scale Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) facility requires CO2 transportation and storage infrastructure, a technical, cost and safety assessment of CO2 transportation over long distances is carried out. Finally, this paper provides an overview of the storage solutions developed around the world, principally studying the geological NGH formation for CO2 sinks.
Highlights
Energy Department, Politecnico di Torino, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; Abstract: Natural gas is considered a helpful transition fuel in order to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of other conventional power plants burning coal or liquid fossil fuels
For 100 km between source and Natural Gas Hydrates (NGHs) storage site, CO2 capture with membrane technology, transport, and storage make up 86%, 2%, and 11%, respectively, of the total Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) cost
The main goal is to find the total cost of CCS to capture, transport, and store the CO2 in the hydrate phase, replacing the natural gas produced from NGHs reservoir
Summary
Many abatement technologies affect the use of fossil fuels or their emissions in the atmosphere (e.g., carbon capture, utilisation, and storage, use of nuclear power, replacement of coal by natural gas). CCS can be applied in power plants and industrial facilities and involves CO2 separation, compression, and transportation (via pipeline or shipping) and its storage in a geological site (e.g., saline aquifer, oil and/or gas reservoir). Pre-combustion: fuel is processed in a gasifier reactor to produce a syngas rich in hyPre-combustion: fuel is processed in a gasifier reactor to produce a syngas rich in This syngas flows into a water gas shift hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The final process provides CO2 separation and pure gas shift reactor to produce. The final process provides CO2 separation and 2 and hydrogen production usually physical absorption. The procedures used to sequestrate the are typically tion by the aid of a chemical solvent, adsorption, and membrane separation.
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