A Review of V2-X Solutions by Investigating Different Vehicle Energy Storage Solutions for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings

Abstract

Combining sustainable electric vehicle (EV) technologies with renewable energy sources in building and transportation sectors is an effective approach for reducing energy consumption, in order to meet nearly zero energy buildings (NZEBs) concepts. To this end, the integration of EVs through bidirectional converters with smart buildings, which are supplied by renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic systems, has gained noticeable attention from researchers around the world. In order to meet and optimize the energy requirement of smart buildings with V2G-H-B (V2-X), which includes vehicle-to-home (V2H), vehicle-to-building (V2B), and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies, an energy management strategy is needed. Plug-in battery-based EVs, plug-in hybrid EVs, and hydrogen fuel cell EVs are automobiles proposed for implementing the integrative approaches. The main purposes of this study are to review the proposed approaches for the integration of smart buildings and EVs, in order to introduce the possible future integration of hybrid fuel cell-based EVs to buildings and power grids. Previous studies demonstrated the limitations of battery life, because of the large number of charging and discharging requirements, which cause battery degradation. Wireless converters or wire-connected bidirectional converters are the components which are required for transferring energy from vehicle to grid/building/home, vice versa. This study will suggest the use of hydrogen-based hybrid electric vehicles as an energy transfer or in V2-X solutions.