Abstract
The emergence of renewable-energy-source (RES) envelope solutions, building retrofit requirements and advanced energy technologies brought about challenges to the existing paradigm of urban energy systems. It is envisioned that the building cluster approach—that can maximize the synergies of RES harvesting, building performance, and distributed energy management—will deliver the breakthrough to these challenges. Thus, this paper aims to critically review urban energy systems at the cluster level that incorporate building integrated RES solutions. We begin with defining cluster approach and the associated boundaries. Several factors influencing energy planning at cluster scale are identified, while the most important ones are discussed in detail. The closely reviewed factors include RES envelope solutions, solar energy potential, density of buildings, energy demand, integrated cluster-scale energy systems and energy hub. The examined categories of RES envelope solutions are (i) the solar power, (ii) the solar thermal and (iii) the energy-efficient ones, out of which solar energy is the most prevalent RES. As a result, methods assessing the solar energy potentials of building envelopes are reviewed in detail. Building density and the associated energy use are also identified as key factors since they affect the type and the energy harvesting potentials of RES envelopes. Modelling techniques for building energy demand at cluster level and their coupling with complex integrated energy systems or an energy hub are reviewed in a comprehensive way. In addition, the paper discusses control and operational methods as well as related optimization algorithms for the energy hub concept. Based on the findings of the review, we put forward a matrix of recommendations for cluster-level energy system simulations aiming to maximize the direct and indirect benefits of RES envelope solutions. By reviewing key factors and modelling approaches for characterizing RES-envelope-solutions-based urban energy systems at cluster level, this paper hopes to foster the transition towards more sustainable urban energy systems.
Highlights
In order to deliver urban sustainability, security and resilience, the urban energy system is undergoing an accelerated transition from a predominantly centralized to the highly distributed one
It is envisioned that the building cluster approach—that can maximize the synergies of RES harvesting, building performance, and distributed energy management—will deliver the breakthrough to these challenges
Since in the existing studies, modelling is the dominant methodology for the evaluation of the energy systems at such level, this paper focuses on the modelling methods that have been applied in the related assessments
Summary
In order to deliver urban sustainability, security and resilience, the urban energy system is undergoing an accelerated transition from a predominantly centralized to the highly distributed one. One of the driving forces is the significant growth of integrated distributed renewable energy sources (RES) within the built environment This growth is predominantly due to the success and popularity of adaptive building envelope solutions, such as building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) [1] or building integrated photovoltaics/thermal (BIPV/T) [2], solar thermal façade (STF) [3], heat pump components [4] and their accompanying power storage [5] or thermal storage systems [6]. Rather than purely stand-alone energy consuming units of the grid They are increasingly turning into active elements of the energy network by consuming, producing, storing and supplying energy. They transform the energy market characterized by centralized, fossil-fuel based national systems to a decentralized, renewable, interconnected and viable system
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