Abstract
Simple SummarySpore-forming probiotics are widely used in the poultry industry for their beneficial impact on host health. The main feature that separates spore-forming probiotics from the more common lactic acid probiotics is their high resistance to external and internal factors, resulting in higher viability in the host and correspondingly, greater efficiency. Their most important effect is the ability to confront pathogens, which makes them a perfect substitute for antibiotics. In this review, we cover and discuss the interactions of spore-forming probiotic bacteria with poultry as the host, their health promotion effects and mechanisms of action, impact on poultry productivity parameters, and ways to manufacture the probiotic formulation. The key focus of this review is the lack of reproducibility in poultry research studies on the evaluation of probiotics’ effects, which should be solved by developing and publishing a set of standard protocols in the professional community for conducting probiotic trials in poultry.One of the main problems in the poultry industry is the search for a viable replacement for antibiotic growth promoters. This issue requires a “one health” approach because the uncontrolled use of antibiotics in poultry can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance, which is a concern not only in animals, but for humans as well. One of the promising ways to overcome this challenge is found in probiotics due to their wide range of features and mechanisms of action for health promotion. Moreover, spore-forming probiotics are suitable for use in the poultry industry because of their unique ability, encapsulation, granting them protection from the harshest conditions and resulting in improved availability for hosts’ organisms. This review summarizes the information on gastrointestinal tract microbiota of poultry and their interaction with commensal and probiotic spore-forming bacteria. One of the most important topics of this review is the absence of uniformity in spore-forming probiotic trials in poultry. In our opinion, this problem can be solved by the creation of standards and checklists for these kinds of trials such as those used for pre-clinical and clinical trials in human medicine. Last but not least, this review covers problems and challenges related to spore-forming probiotic manufacturing.
Highlights
Spore-forming probiotics are gaining popularity in the poultry industry as natural growth promoters [1,2]
The main aim of this review is to summarize and discuss (a) the current achievements of microbiota studies in livestock birds, (b) the poultry health-promotion effects of spore-forming probiotics such as immune-modulation, (c) metabolism improvement, (d) interaction with hosts’ gene expression, and (e) the impact of spore-forming probiotics on productivity rates and egg and sperm quality
Mandarin peels appeared to be the superior growth substrate for B. subtilis KATMIRA1933 spore production, whereas B. amyloliquefaciens B-1895 was capable of efficiently sporulating following fermentation of the majority of tested materials. These findings suggest that both bacilli possess sufficiently potent enzymatic systems to deconstruct plant raw materials and provide all necessary nutrients required for abundant bacterial growth, whereas the chemical composition, particle structure, and adhesive properties of these materials favors biofilm formation and efficient sporulation
Summary
Spore-forming probiotics are gaining popularity in the poultry industry as natural growth promoters [1,2]. Spore-forming bacteria, Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp., due to their ability of encapsulation, can be found in GIT, and in soil, water, and dust [4] This makes the development process for spore-forming probiotics more accessible compared to LAB. Spore formation increases the survival of probiotics during the manufacturing process including fermentation, freezing, drying, thawing, and rehydration Spores of these probiotics have a greater ability to survive passage through the gut and to proliferate and colonize the digestive tract [5,6]. This ability makes spore-forming probiotics an ideal feed additive for livestock, especially in the poultry industry
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