Abstract
Simple SummaryWe report an unusual clinical case in a pet rabbit vaccinated against rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV, GI.1), that developed a prolonged hepatic disease, and was diagnosed RHDV2 (GI.2) positive post-mortem. This finding is a warning to all veterinarians that rabbit haemorrhagic disease should also be considered for differential diagnosis despite the history of RHDV vaccination and the need to update vaccination programs against the current RHDV2 circulating strains.Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a highly contagious infectious disease of European wild and domestic rabbits. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV, GI.1) emerged in 1986 in Europe, rapidly spreading all over the world. Several genotypes of RHDV have been recognised over time, but in 2010, a new virus (RHDV2/RHDVb, GI.2) emerged and progressively replaced the previous RHDV strains, due to the lack of cross-immunity conferred between RHDV and RHDV2. RHDV2 has a high mutation rate, similarly to the other calivirus and recombines with strains of RHDV and non-pathogenic calicivirus (GI.4), ensuring the continuous emergence of new field strains. Although this poses a threat to the already endangered European rabbit species, the available vaccines against RHDV2 and the compliance of biosafety measures seem to be controlling the infection in the rabbit industry Pet rabbits, especially when kept indoor, are considered at lower risk of infections, although RHDV2 and myxoma virus (MYXV) constitute a permanent threat due to transmission via insects. Vaccination against these viruses is therefore recommended every 6 months (myxomatosis) or annually (rabbit haemorrhagic disease). The combined immunization for myxomatosis and RHDV through a commercially available bivalent vaccine with RHDV antigen has been extensively used (Nobivac® Myxo-RHD, MSD, Kenilworth, NJ, USA). This vaccine however does not confer proper protection against the RHDV2, thus the need for a rabbit clinical vaccination protocol update. Here we report a clinical case of hepatitis and alteration of coagulation in a pet rabbit that had been vaccinated with the commercially available bivalent vaccine against RHDV and tested positive to RHDV2 after death. The animal developed a prolonged and atypical disease, compatible with RHD. The virus was identified to be an RHDV2 recombinant strain, with the structural backbone of RHDV2 (GI.2) and the non-structural genes of non-pathogenic-A1 strains (RCV-A1, GI.4). Although confirmation of the etiological agent was only made after death, the clinical signs and analytic data were very suggestive of RHD.
Highlights
DDiiffffeerreenntt cclliinniiccaallpprreesseenntatatitoionnssaannddddisiesaesaeseprporgorgersessiosinoncacnaonccouccruwriwthitRhHRDHVD2V[92–1[92–] 1a2n]datnhdostehvoaseriavtaiorinasticoanns bceanasbsoecaiastseodciwatiethd swtriathin.stTrhaieni.nTcuhbeaitniocunbpaetrioiondpoefrRioHdDofraRnHgeDs rbaentwgeesebnet1waenedn 13 adnady3s.daInysp
Veterinarians should be aware that despite necropsy and histopathology findings may be suggestive of Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD), since microscopic changes are usually present and, in many cases, macroscopic changes can be seen [10], laboratory confirmation is always required for a conclusive diagnosis
The necropsy was performed according to routine procedures, and samples were collected for bacteriology, histopathology and virology
Summary
DDiiffffeerreenntt cclliinniiccaallpprreesseenntatatitoionnssaannddddisiesaesaeseprporgorgersessiosinoncacnaonccouccruwriwthitRhHRDHVD2V[92–1[92–] 1a2n]datnhdostehvoaseriavtaiorinasticoanns bceanasbsoecaiastseodciwatiethd swtriathin.stTrhaieni.nTcuhbeaitniocunbpaetrioiondpoefrRioHdDofraRnHgeDs rbaentwgeesebnet1waenedn 13 adnady3s.daInysp. IInnaaccuutteeaanndd ssuubbaaccuutteeffoorrmmssooff RRHHDD,, ddiiffffeerreenntt cclliinniiccaall ssiiggnnss ccaann bbee oobb-served, ssuucchhasasanaonroexreiax,iam, umcouscaolscaolncgoenstgioenst,inoneu, rnoelougrioclosiggincs,sicgynasn,ocsiysa, ndoyssips,nodeyas,pfonaomeay, fhoaaemmyorhraheamgiocrerphaisgtiacxiesp, iosctauxlaisr,hoaceumlaorrrhhaaegmeoarnrdhaogtehearnsd[1o3t]h. During an RHDV2 outbreak, more than 10% of the infected rabbits may show a chronic or subclinical evolution of the disease, with severe and generalised jaundice, loss of weight, and lethargy. These animals often die some weeks later, due to liver disease [18]. Veterinarians should be aware that despite necropsy and histopathology findings may be suggestive of RHD, since microscopic changes are usually present and, in many cases, macroscopic changes can be seen [10], laboratory confirmation is always required for a conclusive diagnosis
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